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1st M.B.B.S Botany > organelles > Flashcards

organelles Flashcards

1
Q

mitochondria : what

A

Powerhouse, maternal inheritance organelles

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2
Q

mitochondria : size

A

1-10 micrometers

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3
Q

mitochondria : where

A

eukaryotic cells, bounded by a phospholipid bilayer membrane

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4
Q

mitochondria : shape

A

short rod, filamentous, sausage shaped

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5
Q

mitochondria : structure

A

outer membrane: smooth

inner membrane: folded to form cristae

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6
Q

mitochondria : cristae

A

increase surface area,
respiratory ETC and ATP Synthase located,
enzymes connected to cristae control the chemical reactions

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7
Q

mitochondria : function

A

production of energy during cellular respiration

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8
Q

ribosome : what

A

not membrane bounded,

tiny granules or packets of RNA, nucleoproteins and enzymes

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9
Q

ribosome : where

A

both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, abundant in embryonic cells

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10
Q

ribosome : two parts?

A

small subunit and larger subunit, synthesised in nucleolus

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11
Q

ribosome : polysome

A

multiple ribosomes on a single mRNA strand form a polyribosome or polysome

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12
Q

ribosome : function

A

synthesis of proteins, sometimes enzymes

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13
Q

Golgi Apparatus : what

A

a stack of membrane bound vesicles,

outgrowth of ER System involved with packaging of materials for transport in cells

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14
Q

Golgi Apparatus : where

A

central portion in the secretory pathway

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15
Q

Golgi Apparatus : role

A

receive newly synthesised proteins and lipids from ER and direct them to cell membrane or vacuoles (tonoplast)

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16
Q

Golgi Apparatus : mitosis

A

provide the membrane and cell wall molecules for cell plate formation

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17
Q

Golgi Apparatus : function

A

production of cellular secretion

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18
Q

Centrosome : where

A

some cells of lower plants,

near exterior surface of nucleus

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19
Q

Centrosome : shape

A

nonmembranous mass of two rod-like centrioles

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20
Q

Centrosome : centriole

A

9 triplet microtubules that radiate from center like spokes of wheel, 2 centrioles at right angles,

duplicate during cell division

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21
Q

Centrosome : function

A

take part in cell division

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22
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum : what

A

fine network, extending throughout cytoplasm

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23
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum : where

A

continuous with nuclear membrane and plasma membrane and also from cell to cell

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24
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum : linked

A

nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes and cytoplasmic inclusions

when cytoplasm movies, the ER also moves

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25
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum : what does it consist of

A

consists of network of membranous tubules and sacs called cisternae

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26
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum : two regions

A

smooth ER and rough ER

smooth: diverse metabolic processes :
- synthesis of lipids,
- metabolism of carbohydrates,
- detoxification of drugs and poisons
- storage of calcium ions

rough:
- making of secretory proteins
- membrane factory for cell

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27
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum : function

A

intracellular transport

28
Q

Peroxisomes : what

A

specialised metabolic compartment bounded by a single membrane

29
Q

Peroxisomes : contains =

A

enzymes that remove hydrogen from various substrates and transfer them to oxygen to produce H2O2

30
Q

Peroxisomes : usage of oxygen

A

to break down fatty acids into smaller molecules that are transported to mitochondria and used as a fuel for cellular respiration

31
Q

Peroxisomes : liver

A

detoxify alcohol and other harmful compounds by transferring hydrogen from poisons to oxygen

32
Q

Peroxisomes : function

A

consume oxygen in various metabolic functions

33
Q

Vacuoles : what

A

membrane bound structure used for storage

34
Q

Vacuoles : contain

A

98% water, reserved materials, secretory products, waste products

35
Q

Vacuoles : fresh water protists

A

have contractile vacuoles to pump out excess water

36
Q

Vacuoles : food vacuoles

A

formed by the phagocytosis of foreign material

37
Q

Vacuoles : function

A

maintain necessary turgidity of the tissue

38
Q

Microtubules : shape

A

unbranched, thin, hollow tubelike

39
Q

Microtubules : size

A

15-25 nm

40
Q

Microtubules : where

A

inside the plasma membrane

41
Q

Microtubules : made up of

A

protein tubulin that make up cilia, flagella, spindle fibreas

42
Q

Microtubules : role

A

shape and support the cell,
guide vesicles to ER to Golgi to plasma membrane,
separation of chromosome during cell division

43
Q

Microtubules : function

A
  1. addition of cellulose to cell wall
  2. movement of cilia and flagella
  3. tracks for vesicles
44
Q

Microfilaments: what

A

long, thin, solid protein filaments in bundles

45
Q

Microfilaments: size

A

6 nm

46
Q

Microfilaments: another name?

A

actin filaments, built from molecules of globular protein

twisted chain of actin subunits

47
Q

Microfilaments: functions

A
  1. formation of cleavage furrow
  2. movement of cells
  3. skeletal muscle to contract
48
Q

What is the cytoskeleton ?

A

microtubules and microfilaments form a flexible framework

49
Q

Nucleus : shape

A

spherical , or oval in shape

50
Q

Nucleus : where

A

Embedded in the cytoplasm, in all living cells

in young cells: located centrally
In Old cells: located on one side against the cell wall

51
Q

Nucleus : higher plants

A

A single nucleus in each cell by many nuclei in algae and fungi

52
Q

Nuclear envelope : what

A

two phospholipid bilayer membrane that bounds the surface of nucleus

53
Q

Nuclear envelope : structure

A

The outer membrane is continuous with cytoplasmic interior membrane system called endoplasmic reticulum,
scattered over the surface are shallow depressions called nuclear pores

54
Q

Nuclear envelope : nuclear pores

A

filled with proteins that act as molecular channels, permitting certain molecules to move in and out of nucleus

55
Q

Nuclear envelope : passage for two kinds of molecules

A

two kinds of molecules:
1. proteins into nucleus to be incorporated into nuclear structures or to catalyze nuclear activities

  1. RNA and protein-RNA complexes formed in nucleus and exported to cytoplasm
56
Q

Nucleoplasm : what

A

a transparent, semisolid, acidophilic ground substance that fills the space between nuclear envelope and nucleolus

57
Q

Nucleoplasm : composition

A
  • nucleoprotein
  • inorganic and organic substances (nucleic acids, proteins, enzymes and minerals)

nucleic acids: DNA, RNA

proteins: basic proteins or histones, acidic proteins or nonhistones
enzymes:
1. synthesis of RNA, DNA
2. small lipid content
3. inorganic compounds (phosphorus, potassium, sodium, calcium and magnesium)

58
Q

Nucleolus : what

A

a prominent spherical, colloidal acidophilic body

59
Q

Nucleolus : role

A

regulate synthetic activity fo nucleus

60
Q

Nucleolus : nucleolar organizers

A

two or more chromosomes are associated with the nucleolus, play a role in reappearance of the nucleolus after cell division

61
Q

Nucleolus : structure

A
  • not membrane bounded

- calcium ions maintain its intact organisation

62
Q

Nucleolus : composition

A

DNA, 4 types of rRNA, 70 S ribosomal proteins, RNA Binding proteins , RNA Splicing nucleoproteins, enzymes, nucleolus

63
Q

Nucleolus : site of?

A

biogenesis of ribosomal subunits

64
Q

Chromatin: what

A

genes are located on the chromosome which exists as chromatin network in the non-dividing cell

65
Q

Chromatin: two types

A
  1. Euchromatin:
    - well-dispersed
    - lighter DNA
    - genetically active (involved in gene expression, gene duplication, gene transcription)
    - phenotypic expression of a gene through some type of protein synthesis
  2. Heterochromatin :
    - highly condensed
    - darker DNA
    - genetically inert
66
Q

Chromatin: composition

A
  • DNA molecule
  • 5 basic histone proteins
  • RNA Molecules
  • acidic proteins
67
Q

Chromatin: structure

A
  • in the form of nucleosome

- binds strongly to the inner part of nuclear lamina

1st M.B.B.S Botany (2 decks)

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