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1st M.B.B.S Botany > organelles > Flashcards

organelles Flashcards

(67 cards)

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1
Q

mitochondria : what

A

Powerhouse, maternal inheritance organelles

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2
Q

mitochondria : size

A

1-10 micrometers

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3
Q

mitochondria : where

A

eukaryotic cells, bounded by a phospholipid bilayer membrane

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4
Q

mitochondria : shape

A

short rod, filamentous, sausage shaped

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5
Q

mitochondria : structure

A

outer membrane: smooth

inner membrane: folded to form cristae

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6
Q

mitochondria : cristae

A

increase surface area,
respiratory ETC and ATP Synthase located,
enzymes connected to cristae control the chemical reactions

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7
Q

mitochondria : function

A

production of energy during cellular respiration

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8
Q

ribosome : what

A

not membrane bounded,

tiny granules or packets of RNA, nucleoproteins and enzymes

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9
Q

ribosome : where

A

both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, abundant in embryonic cells

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10
Q

ribosome : two parts?

A

small subunit and larger subunit, synthesised in nucleolus

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11
Q

ribosome : polysome

A

multiple ribosomes on a single mRNA strand form a polyribosome or polysome

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12
Q

ribosome : function

A

synthesis of proteins, sometimes enzymes

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13
Q

Golgi Apparatus : what

A

a stack of membrane bound vesicles,

outgrowth of ER System involved with packaging of materials for transport in cells

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14
Q

Golgi Apparatus : where

A

central portion in the secretory pathway

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15
Q

Golgi Apparatus : role

A

receive newly synthesised proteins and lipids from ER and direct them to cell membrane or vacuoles (tonoplast)

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16
Q

Golgi Apparatus : mitosis

A

provide the membrane and cell wall molecules for cell plate formation

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17
Q

Golgi Apparatus : function

A

production of cellular secretion

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18
Q

Centrosome : where

A

some cells of lower plants,

near exterior surface of nucleus

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19
Q

Centrosome : shape

A

nonmembranous mass of two rod-like centrioles

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20
Q

Centrosome : centriole

A

9 triplet microtubules that radiate from center like spokes of wheel, 2 centrioles at right angles,

duplicate during cell division

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21
Q

Centrosome : function

A

take part in cell division

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22
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum : what

A

fine network, extending throughout cytoplasm

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23
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum : where

A

continuous with nuclear membrane and plasma membrane and also from cell to cell

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24
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum : linked

A

nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes and cytoplasmic inclusions

when cytoplasm movies, the ER also moves

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25
Endoplasmic Reticulum : what does it consist of
consists of network of membranous tubules and sacs called cisternae
26
Endoplasmic Reticulum : two regions
smooth ER and rough ER smooth: diverse metabolic processes : - synthesis of lipids, - metabolism of carbohydrates, - detoxification of drugs and poisons - storage of calcium ions rough: - making of secretory proteins - membrane factory for cell
27
Endoplasmic Reticulum : function
intracellular transport
28
Peroxisomes : what
specialised metabolic compartment bounded by a single membrane
29
Peroxisomes : contains =
enzymes that remove hydrogen from various substrates and transfer them to oxygen to produce H2O2
30
Peroxisomes : usage of oxygen
to break down fatty acids into smaller molecules that are transported to mitochondria and used as a fuel for cellular respiration
31
Peroxisomes : liver
detoxify alcohol and other harmful compounds by transferring hydrogen from poisons to oxygen
32
Peroxisomes : function
consume oxygen in various metabolic functions
33
Vacuoles : what
membrane bound structure used for storage
34
Vacuoles : contain
98% water, reserved materials, secretory products, waste products
35
Vacuoles : fresh water protists
have contractile vacuoles to pump out excess water
36
Vacuoles : food vacuoles
formed by the phagocytosis of foreign material
37
Vacuoles : function
maintain necessary turgidity of the tissue
38
Microtubules : shape
unbranched, thin, hollow tubelike
39
Microtubules : size
15-25 nm
40
Microtubules : where
inside the plasma membrane
41
Microtubules : made up of
protein tubulin that make up cilia, flagella, spindle fibreas
42
Microtubules : role
shape and support the cell, guide vesicles to ER to Golgi to plasma membrane, separation of chromosome during cell division
43
Microtubules : function
1. addition of cellulose to cell wall 2. movement of cilia and flagella 3. tracks for vesicles
44
Microfilaments: what
long, thin, solid protein filaments in bundles
45
Microfilaments: size
6 nm
46
Microfilaments: another name?
actin filaments, built from molecules of globular protein | twisted chain of actin subunits
47
Microfilaments: functions
1. formation of cleavage furrow 2. movement of cells 3. skeletal muscle to contract
48
What is the cytoskeleton ?
microtubules and microfilaments form a flexible framework
49
Nucleus : shape
spherical , or oval in shape
50
Nucleus : where
Embedded in the cytoplasm, in all living cells in young cells: located centrally In Old cells: located on one side against the cell wall
51
Nucleus : higher plants
A single nucleus in each cell by many nuclei in algae and fungi
52
Nuclear envelope : what
two phospholipid bilayer membrane that bounds the surface of nucleus
53
Nuclear envelope : structure
The outer membrane is continuous with cytoplasmic interior membrane system called endoplasmic reticulum, scattered over the surface are shallow depressions called nuclear pores
54
Nuclear envelope : nuclear pores
filled with proteins that act as molecular channels, permitting certain molecules to move in and out of nucleus
55
Nuclear envelope : passage for two kinds of molecules
two kinds of molecules: 1. proteins into nucleus to be incorporated into nuclear structures or to catalyze nuclear activities 2. RNA and protein-RNA complexes formed in nucleus and exported to cytoplasm
56
Nucleoplasm : what
a transparent, semisolid, acidophilic ground substance that fills the space between nuclear envelope and nucleolus
57
Nucleoplasm : composition
- nucleoprotein - inorganic and organic substances (nucleic acids, proteins, enzymes and minerals) nucleic acids: DNA, RNA proteins: basic proteins or histones, acidic proteins or nonhistones enzymes: 1. synthesis of RNA, DNA 2. small lipid content 3. inorganic compounds (phosphorus, potassium, sodium, calcium and magnesium)
58
Nucleolus : what
a prominent spherical, colloidal acidophilic body
59
Nucleolus : role
regulate synthetic activity fo nucleus
60
Nucleolus : nucleolar organizers
two or more chromosomes are associated with the nucleolus, play a role in reappearance of the nucleolus after cell division
61
Nucleolus : structure
- not membrane bounded | - calcium ions maintain its intact organisation
62
Nucleolus : composition
DNA, 4 types of rRNA, 70 S ribosomal proteins, RNA Binding proteins , RNA Splicing nucleoproteins, enzymes, nucleolus
63
Nucleolus : site of?
biogenesis of ribosomal subunits
64
Chromatin: what
genes are located on the chromosome which exists as chromatin network in the non-dividing cell
65
Chromatin: two types
1. Euchromatin: - well-dispersed - lighter DNA - genetically active (involved in gene expression, gene duplication, gene transcription) - phenotypic expression of a gene through some type of protein synthesis 2. Heterochromatin : - highly condensed - darker DNA - genetically inert
66
Chromatin: composition
- DNA molecule - 5 basic histone proteins - RNA Molecules - acidic proteins
67
Chromatin: structure
- in the form of nucleosome | - binds strongly to the inner part of nuclear lamina

1st M.B.B.S Botany (2 decks)

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