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Biology - Eukaryotes > Organelles- Plasma Membrane > Flashcards

Organelles- Plasma Membrane Flashcards

1
Q

Nulceus

A

This is a membrane bound cellular strucutre being the command centre for cellular activityies, containing DNA

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2
Q

What is the structure of the DNA?

A

Double membrane with nuclear pores that are 100nm in dimater

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3
Q

What structures are found in the nucleoplasm?

A

Chromaitn, Nucleolu

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4
Q

Nuclear Lamins

A

These are intermediate filaments underlying the membrane providing strucutrla support and organizing chromatin with gene regulation properties

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5
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

Functionally this seperates the cell from its external envrionemnt and controls nutrient entry and waste product exit, maintaing electrolyte balance and sensing external signals

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6
Q

What is the primary component of the PM?

A

Phospholipids

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7
Q

Phospholipids

A

These are amphiphatic structures with a hydrophilic phosphate and two hydrophobic fatty acid tails

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8
Q

Fluid Mosaic Model

A

This describes the phospholipid bilayer with amphiphatic orientation descirbing the phospholipid viscosity and transverse fluidity with embedded proteins

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9
Q

What factors influence fluidity?

A

Saturated FA, FA kinks, cholesterol content, lipid length

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10
Q

Lipid Rafts

A

THese are PM microdomains enriched in cholesterols and sphingolipids, involved in lateral compartmentalization of molecules at the cell surface

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11
Q

What is membrane viscosity affected by?

A

Tmeperautre, lipid composition and cholesterol, describing resistance to flow

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12
Q

How do temperatures influence FMM?

A

Increase lipid motion thus fluidity

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13
Q

What are the three tpyes of membrane lipid?

A

Cholesterol
Phospholipids
Glycolipids

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14
Q

Cholesterol

A

This functional restrains phospholipid movement at 37C, being a water-insoluble lipid with a sterol backbone and eight carbon side chain

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15
Q

Glycolipids

A

These are constituents of cellular membranes composed of a glycan headgroup and lipid moiety

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16
Q

What is the general structures of the membrane lipids

A

Contain a PP chain spanning the bileyer several times being amphiphatic

17
Q

Peripiheral Proteins

A

These are amphiphatic proteins interacting with the membrane using electrostatic or hydrophobic interactions indirectly, or hydrophobic tails directly.

18
Q

How is FFM elucidated?

A

Freeze-Fracture Electron Microscopy

19
Q

Freeze-Fracture Electron Microscopy

A

This is fracturing of frozen cell samples at low temperature with deposition of platinum and C onto a revelead surface by vacuum evaporation to stabilise the underlying structure

20
Q

How may FMM be proven?

A

FF EM or fusion of two cells with different compositions

21
Q

What are the functions of membrane proteins?

A

Transport
Receptors
Structural
Cel junctions

22
Q

What is CF caused by?

A

Mutations in TM proteins preventing Cl fnction thus viscous mucus build up

23
Q

What is an example of a sturcutral membrane protein?

A

Integrins

24
Q

Integrins

A

These are a family of cell adhesion receptors mediating cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix adhesion

25
Q

What is an example of a membrane carbohydrate?

A

Glycocalyx

26
Q

Glycocalyx

A

Being a thin layer of carbohydrates found on the PM of most cells

27
Q

How do membrane carbs determine ABO blood groups?

A

Based on two antigens, A and B, characterised by their presence

28
Q

How is material intake facilitated?

A

Endocytossi
Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis
Exocytosis

29
Q

Endocytosis

A

This is a process where cells absorb external material by engulfing it within the cell membrnae

30
Q

What is an example of endocytosis?

A

Phagocytosis in macrophages and neutrophils attracted by sites by chemotaxis

31
Q

Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

A

This is a process of binding macromolecules to receptors and triggering of endocytosis

32
Q

Exocyotiss

A

THis is where cells excrete waste and other large molecules from the cytosplasm to the cell exterior

Biology - Eukaryotes (13 decks)

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