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Organic Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the bond angle in alkanes?

A

109 1/2 °

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2
Q

What is the equation for calculating the percentage composition of an element?

A

% composition = (mass of all the atoms of that element in the molecule/ relative molecular mass) x 100

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3
Q

What is empirical formula?

A

The simplest whole-number ratio of the atoms in a molecule

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4
Q

What is the general formula of an alkane?

A

CnH2n +2

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5
Q

What is the general formula for an alkene?

A

CnH2n

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6
Q

What is the general formula for alkynes?

A

CnH2n -2

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7
Q

What is the general formula for cycloalkanes?

A

CnH2n

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8
Q

What is the general formula for cycloalkenes?

A

CnH2n -2

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9
Q

What are the steps of combustion data calculations?

A

1/ Divide grams of CO2 and H2O produced by their respective molecular mass

2/ Times the calculated amount of H2O by 2 as there are two atoms of H

3/ Divide by the smallest amount of the new totals. This should give a ratio

4/ Convert the ratios into whole-number forms by multiplying by an appropriate amount

4/

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10
Q

What is the equation for combustion of methane?

A

CH4(g) + 2O2(g) –> CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)

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11
Q

What are the two possible products, besides water, of the partial combustion of methane?

A

CO(g) and C(s)

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12
Q

What type of reaction is the splitting up of two molecules of the same element?

A

Homolytic fission

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13
Q

What is cracking?

A

The breaking down of a large chained alkane into a smaller chain alkane and an alkene

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14
Q

What are alkenes?

A

Unsaturated hydrocarbons with a π bond

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15
Q

What is the bond angle in alkenes?

A

120°

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16
Q

Why do alkenes have geometrical isomerism?

A

There is a lack of free rotation about the π bond when there are two different groups at each end of the double bond

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17
Q 
H                H
   \             /
     C  =  C
    /          \ 
 Cl           Cl

What type of geometrical isomerism is this?

A

Cis / Z

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18
Q 
H               Cl
   \             /
     C  =  C
    /          \ 
 Cl           H

What type of geometrical isomerism is this?

A

Trans / E

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19
Q

Give an equation for the hydrogenation of propene?

What is the catalyst for this reaction?

A

C3H6 + H2 —> C3H8

Nickel

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20
Q

What are the conditions for addition of HX to an alkene?

A

Room temperature

Concentrated solution of HX

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21
Q

What kind of reaction is the addition of HX to an alkene?

A

Electrophilic addition

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22
Q

Conditions for reacting an alkene with Br2

Give an equation and what this can be used to test for

A

Room temperature

C2H4 + Br2 –> C2H4Br2

Can test for the presence of a C=C bond

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23
Q

What is unusual about the reaction of Br2 with an alkene compared to the same reaction with chlorine?

A

A bride forms when using Br2 so the mechanism is slightly different

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24
Q

What is Markornikoff’s rule and what does it apply to?

A

The reaction of HX with an alkene

  • The hydrogen of HX adds to the carbon which already has the most hydrogens
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25
If Cl2 is non-polar, how does it react with an alkene?
The Cl2 becomes polarised as it approaches the electron rich double bond
26
What are the conditions for an alkene reacting with water? What does it produce? Give an equation
- Water must be as steam - 600K - 6 Mpa (60 atm) - Catalyst of H3PO4 (phosphoric acid) - inert support An alcohol C2H4 + H2O ---> CH3CH2OH
27
How would you synthesise a haloalkane from an alkene? Give an equation
React with conc. HX at room temperature C2H4 + HBr ---> CH3CH2Br
28
What are the equations for synthesising a halogenoalkane from an alcohol?
CH3CH2OH + HBr ---> CH3CH2Br + H20 3CH3CH2OH + PI3 ---> 3CH3CHI + H3PO3 CH3CH2OH + PCl5 ---> CH3CH2Cl + POCl3 + HCl CH3CH2OH + SOCl2 ----> CH3CH2Cl + SO2 + HCl
29
How would you synthesise an alcohol from a halogenoalkane? Give an example
Stir the halogenoalkane with dilute aqueous alkali at room temperature H2O CH3CH2Br + NaOH --------> CH3CH2OH + NaBr
30
What is the reactivity order for carbons bonded to a halogen?
C-I > C-Br > C-Cl >> C-F
31
What are the characteristics of an SN2 reaction?
- occurs in primary and some secondary halogenoalkanes but not tertiary Rate ∝ [RX] [Nucleophile] Both the RX and the nucleophile are involved in the rate determining step
32
Which is faster: SN1 or SN2?
SN1
33
What are the characteristics of an SN1 reaction?
Fast Rate ∝ [RX] Only the concentration of the halogenoalkane is involved in the rate determining step Can produce stereoisomers if halogenoalkane is chiral
34
When are SN1 reactions favoured?
Favoured in tertiary molecules When using polar protic solvents
35
When are SN2 reactions favoured?
In primary molecules When using polar aprotic solvents
36
What are non-polar aprotic solvents? Give an example
- Do not contain polar O-H or N-H groups | - Hydrocarbons
37
What are polar aprotic solvents? Give examples
Polar molecules that cannot hydrogen bond - CH3CN - Me2CO - DMF - DMSO
38
What are polar protic solvents? Give examples
Contain polar O-H or N-H groups and can hydrogen bond - H2O - CH3CH2OH - Liquid NH3
39
Describe the conditions for reacting a halogenoalkane with ammonia Give an equation
- heat the halogenoalkane with excess ammonia in an ethanolic solution CH3CH2OH CH3CH2BR + NH3 -------------------> CH3CH2NH2 + HBr This produces an amine
40
What are the conditions for reacting a halogenoalkane with cyanide? What type of reaction is it? Give an equation
- Heat the halogenoalkane with an alcoholic KCN solution Substitution (techniqely addition) (CH3)2 CHBr + KCN -----> (CH3)2 CHCN + NaBr
41
What can the product of reacting a halogenoalkane alkane with cyanide be reduced to? Give an equation
A primary amine (CH3)2CHCN ----> (CH3)2CHCH2NH2
42
Describe the elimination reactions of halogenoalkanes
- Involve heating the halogenoalkane with concentrated ethanolic alkali - HX is removed from the molecule NaOH/C2H5OH CH3CH2Br ------------------------> C2H4 + CH3CH2OH + Br- Reflux
43
Describe the E2 reaction Give the rate equation
- Bonds make and break at the same time Rate ∝ [RX] [BASE]
44
Describe the E1 reaction Give the rate equation
- bonds make and break in different steps - Most substituted alkene is the favoured product - E-isomers are favoured on steric grounds Rate ∝ [RX]
45
When are elimination reactions favoured?
- using alcoholic solutions - high temperatures - using secondary or tertiary halides - using polar solvents
46
Give the general equation of the reaction of a halogenoalkane with silver nitrate solution
RX + H2O ----> ROH + H+ + X- Ag + X- ------> AgX(s)
47
Describe the different reactions of halogenoalkanes reacting with AgNO3 solution
1-chlorobutane slow white (AgCl) 1-bromobutane medium cream (AgBr) 1-iodobutane fast yellow (AgI)
48
What are the physical properties of alcohols?
- Very polar O-H bonds - Hydrogen bonding leads to high boiling temperatures - Ethanol is miscible with water but from butanol upwards, alcohols are not miscible
49
Describe the reaction of fermentation Give an equation
- Anaerobic - requires yeast - 35°C C6H12O6 ------> 2CO2 + 2C2H5OH
50
How would you produce a halogenoalkane from an alcohol? Give all equations
Heat with a mixture of NaBr and conc. H2SO4 NaBr + H2SO4 -----> NaHSO4 + HBr CH3CH2OH + HBr -------> CH3CH2BR + H2O
51
Give all of the equations of ethanol reacting with phosphorus halides
3 CH3CH2OH + PCl3 -----> 3 CH3CH2Cl + H3PO3 CH3CH2OH + PCl5 ---------> CH3CH2Cl + POCl3 + HCl 3 CH3CH2OH + PBr3 -------> 3 CH3CH2Br + H3PO3 3 CH3CH2OH + PI3 --------> 3 CH3CH2I + H3PO3
52
Describe a test for an OH group Give an equation What can be observed?
Reacting an alcohol with PCl5 CH3CH2OH + PCl5 -----> CH3CH2Cl + POCl5 + HCl White, misty fumes
53
Describe a reaction of ethanol with SOCl2
Reacts at room temperature CH3CH2OH + SOCl2 ------> CH3CH2Cl + HCl + SO2 Misty fumes of HCl and SO2 can be seen
54
Give an equation for the reaction of ethanol with sodium
2 CH3CH2OH + 2Na -----> 2 CH3CH2O- Na+ (s) + H2
55
How would you form an alkene from an alcohol?
Dehydration reaction Pass alcohol over hot Al2O3 at 400°C Heat with excess conc. H2SO4 CH3CH2OH ----> C2H4 + H2O
56
How would you produce an ester from an alcohol? Give an equation
Heat with a carboxylic acid Acid catalyst (conc. H2SO4) CH3CH2COOH + CH3CH2OH CH3CH2COOCH2CH3 + H2O
57
How are esters named?
1st part from the alcohol 2nd part from the acid eg ethyl propanonate
58
What are the benefits of using an acyl chloride to produce an ester?
- reacts in the cold | - reaction isn't reversible
59
Give the equation for the production of an ester using an acyl chloride
CH3COCL + CH3CH2OH ----> CH3COOCH2CH3 + HCl
60
How would you oxidse an alcohol? What will you see?
Use acidified potassium dichromate (VI) solution (K2Cr2O7/H2SO4) Colour change from orange to green
61
How would you produce an aldehyde from an alcohol? Give the equation
Use PCC in CH2Cl2 solution PCC/CH2CL2 CH3CH2OH ----------------------- CH3CH2O

CHEMISTRY (18 decks)

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