organic Flashcards
(135 cards)
1
Q
what is the suffix of an alcohol?
A
-ol
2
Q
what is the suffix of an aldehyde?
A
-al
3
Q
what is the suffix of a ketone?
A
-one
4
Q
what is the suffix of a carboxcylic acid?
A
-oic acid
5
Q
what is the suffix of an ester?
A
as alkyl alkanoate
6
Q
what is the suffix of an amine?
A
-amine
7
Q
what is the suffix of an amide?
A
-amide
8
Q
what is the suffix of a chlorine haloalkane?
A
chloro-
9
Q
what is the suffix of a fluorine haloalkane?
A
fluoro-
10
Q
what is the suffix of an iodine haloalkane?
A
iodo-
11
Q
what is the suffix of a bromide haloalkane?
A
bromo-
12
Q
what is the group name for the homologus series of an alcohol?
A
hydroxyl
13
Q
what is the group name for the homologus series of an aldehyde?
A
aldehyde
14
Q
what is the group name for the homologus series of a ketone?
A
carbonyl
15
Q
what is the group name for the homologus series of a carboxcylic acid?
A
carboxyl
16
Q
what is the group name for the homologus series of an ester?
A
ester
17
Q
what is the group name for the homologus series of an ether?
A
ether
18
Q
what is the group name for the homologus series of an amine?
A
amine
19
Q
what is the group name for the homologus series of an amide?
A
amide
20
Q
what are the three structures of alcohols?
A
- primary
- secondary
- tertiary
21
Q
how many other carbons is the carbon atom connected to the functional group bonded to in a primary alcohol?
A
one other carbon atom
22
Q
how many other carbons is the carbon atom connected to the functional group bonded to in a secondary alcohol?
A
two other carbon atoms
23
Q
how many other carbons is the carbon atom connected to the functional group bonded to in a tertiary alcohol?
A
three other carbon atoms
24
Q
how many valence electrons does carbon have available for bonding?
A
4
25
what are hydrocarbons composed of?
hydrogen and carbon
26
what is the simplest family of hydrocarbons?
alkanes
27
what type of bonds do alkanes have?
single bonds
28
why are alkanes considered saturated?
because they cannot take up any more hydrogen atoms due to their singular bonds
29
are alkanes considered saturated or unsaturated?
saturated
30
are alkenes considered saturated or unsaturated?
unsaturated
31
are alkynes considered saturated or unsaturated?
unsaturated
32
what is the formula for alkanes?
CnH2n+2
33
what are the first four members of the alkane homologus series?
- methane
- ethane
- propane
- butane
34
what kind of bonds do alkenes contain?
at least one double bond
35
what is the formula for an alkene?
CnH2n
36
what kind of bonds do alkynes contain?
at least one triple bond
37
what is the formula for an alkyne?
CnH2n-2
38
what is a structural isomer?
have the same molecular formula but different arrangements of atoms, therefore different names
39
what suffix do alkanes have?
-ane
40
what suffix do alkenes have?
-ene
41
what suffix do alkynes have?
-yne
42
what is the formula of cyclohexane?
C6H12
43
what is the formula for benzene?
C6H6
44
what type of ring is cyclohexane?
an aliphatic ring
45
what type of ring is benzene?
an aromatic ring
46
what characteristic smells do aldehydes have?
vanilla and cinnamon
47
how does an aldehyde differ from a ketone?
the position of the C=O
48
how is the position of the C=O different in a ketone and an aldehyde?
if the C=O is connected to an adjacent carbon atom its a ketone
49
what are esters widely used for?
solvents, flavourings and to make fibres
50
what functional group do esters contain?
-OCO-
51
how are esters formed?
from the reaction of a carboxcylic acid and an alcohol
52
what are the smells of amines associated with?
fishy smells associated with decaying animal tissues
53
what are the intramolecular forces?
- dispersion
- dipole-dipole
- hydrogen bonding
54
what is a dispersion force?
neighbouring molecules with similar temporary dipoles are attracted weakly to each other
55
what is the strength of a dispersion force affected by?
the size and shape of the molecule
56
what is the weakest intramolecular force?
dispersion
57
what is the strongest of the intramolecular forces?
hydrogen bonding
58
what is a dipole-dipole force?
the partial positive charge on one molecule is electrostatically . attracted to the partial negative charge on a neighbouring molecule
59
are dipole-dipole forces stronger or weaker than dispersion forces?
stronger
60
what is a hydrogen bond?
takes place between a molecule containing H atoms bonded to highly electronegative elements such as F,O and N
61
what is a stereoisomer?
atoms are connected in the same order but are orientated differently in space
62
do chain isomers with more branches have a higher or lower boiling pt?
lower
63
what is a positional isomer?
different position of functional group
64
what is a functional isomer?
same atoms with different functional groups
65
what are the two stereoisomer variations?
cis and trans isomers
66
how are cis isomers structured?
around a double c=c bond or ring on same side of the molecule
67
how are trans isomers structured?
around a double c=c bond or ring on opposite sides of the molecule
68
does the dispersion forces in an alkane increase or decrease with increasing chain length?
increases
69
does the viscosity of an alkane increase or decrease with increasing chain length?
increase
70
what is a flashpoint?
the lowest temp at which a liquid gives off enough vapour to start burning at its surface on application with an ignition source
71
do smaller molecules have a higher or lower flashpoint?
lower
72
if smaller molecules have a lower flashpoint are they more or less flammable?
more flammable
73
does the vapourisation rate increase or decrease with increasing temps?
increase
74
are alkenes more or less reactive than alkanes?
more
75
why are alkenes more reactive than alkanes?
due to the high electron density available within their bonds and because the electrons in the double bond are more accessible
76
do alkynes have decreased or increased polarity?
decreased
77
are alkynes flammable?
highly flammable
78
what kind of bonds can alcohols form with other alcohol molecules or water?
hydrogen bonds
79
do alcohols have a higher or lower boiling point than corresponding alkanes?
higher
80
does the boiling point of a primary alcohol increase or decrease with increasing chain length?
increases
81
why does the b.p of a primary alcohol increase with increasing chain length?
more dispersion forces
82
does the flammability of an alcohol increase or decrease with increasing chain length?
decreases
83
are small alcohols soluble in water?
yes
84
are small carboxylic acids soluble in water?
yes
85
why do carboxylic acids have a higher b.p than alcohols?
can form two hydrogen bonds between two molecules
86
are carboxylic acids a strong or weak acid?
weak and only partially ionise with water
87
are amines more or less soluble than alcohols and carboxylic acids?
less soluble
88
why is the b.p of an aldehyde and a ketone higher than an alkane?
the polarity
89
do aldehydes have a higher or lower b.p than alcohols and carboxylic acids?
lower
90
do ketones have a higher or lower b.p than alcohols and carboxylic acids?
lower
91
do esters have a higher or lower b.p than carboxylic acids?
lower
92
are amines stable or unstable compounds?
stable
93
why are amines stable, weak acids?
they can accept a proton
94
do amines have a lower or higher b.p than corresponding alcohols?
lower
95
what kind of state of matter are the first two amines found in at room temp?
gases
96
what state of matter are amines found in from 3 and onwards?
liquids
97
why do amides have a higher melting/boiling pt than similar sized organic compounds?
due to their capacity to form multiple hydrogen bonds between molecules
98
are larger amides found as liquid or solids?
solids
99
are amides more or less soluble than comparable amines and carboxylic acids?
less, similar to that of an ester
100
is combustion an endo or exothermic reaction?
exothermic
101
what are the inputs of a combustion reaction
fuel + oxygen
102
what are the products of complete combustion?
carbon dioxide and water
103
what are the products of incomplete combustion?
carbon monoxide and water
104
when does incomplete combustion occur?
when there is insufficient oxygen supply
105
if there is plentiful oxygen supply what type of combustion occurs?
complete combustion
106
what type of elements undergo substitution reactions with alkanes?
halogens
107
what atom does the halogen replace in an alkane to form a haloalkane?
hydrogen
108
what must be present in order to break the bond in a substitution reaction?
uv is the source of energy to break bond
109
what is cracking?
a process that uses heat and pressure and sometimes a catalyst to break larger molecules into smaller, more useful ones
110
what reactions can alkanes undergo?
- substitution
- combustion
- cracking
111
what reactions can alkenes undergo?
addition polymerisation
112
do alkanes or alkenes undergo addition reactions?
alkenes
113
what is the process of addition polymerisation?
many small molecules (monomers) are joined together to form large molecules (polymers)
114
what occurs in an addition reaction?
the c=c double bond is broken into single bonds
115
what type of reaction does an alcohol undergo?
oxidation
116
what are the reactants in an oxidation reaction of an alcohol?
an alcohol + oxygen
117
what are the products of an oxidation reaction of alcohols?
carbon dioxide and water
118
are primary alcohols easily oxidised?
yes
119
what type of molecule is a primary alcohol oxidised to?
an aldehyde then a carboxylic acid
120
what type of molecule is a secondary alcohol oxidised to?
a ketone, doesn't undergo further oxidation
121
what type of reaction are esters the product of?
condensation reactions
122
what are the inputs of a condensation reaction?
alcohol + carboxylic acid
123
what are the outputs of a condensation reaction?
ester + water
124
what is the process of hydrolysis?
esters can be converted back into their respective alcohol and carboxylic acid
125
what are the reactants of a hydrolysis reaction?
ester + water
126
what are the products of a hydrolysis reaction?
alcohol + carboxylic acid
127
in hydrolysis what is used to split the ester molecule?
water
128
what is a polyester the result of?
ester linkages between monomers to form polymers
129
what can synthetic polyesters be the substitute for?
cotton and wool
130
what is the reaction of a carboxylic acid and an amine?
carboxylic acid + amine= ammonium salt= amide+ water
131
what must be used in a reaction of carboxylic acids with amines?
heat/dehydration
132
why may not all the reactants be converted to desired products?
- may be an equillibrium reaction and not reaching completion
- losses transferring/heating/filtering
- unreactive impurities
- decomposition of products
- side reactions
133
what is the equation for % yield?
mass of products made/theoretical mass x100
134
what is the equation for % atom economy?
mass of atoms in desired product/mass of atoms in reactants x100
135
what is the difference between % yield and % atom economy?
atom economy measures efficiency and takes into account the amount of waste produced
