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Organic chemistry Flashcards

(48 cards)

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1
Q

polar

A

uneven distribution of charge.

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2
Q

non-polar

A

even distribution of charge

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3
Q

Functional Group

A

an atom or group of atoms in an organic molecule that largely determines the molecules properties/reactions eg. -COOH, -OH, +NH2

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4
Q

Hydrocarbon

A

a compound that contains carbon and hydrogen only eg. alkanes, alkenes and alkynes

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5
Q

Homologous series

A

A series of compounds with similar chemical properties and the same general formula, in which each membrane contains one CH2 unit more.

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6
Q

Structural Isomer

A

a compound with the same molecular formula but different structures

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7
Q

Alkanes

A 
CnH2n+2
saturated hydrocarbon
tetrahedral (bond angle=109.5 degrees)
burns in O2 to produce CO2 and water
does not decolourise bromine water
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8
Q

Alkenes

A 
CnH2n
Unsaturated hydrocarbon
one or more double bond present
planar(120degrees)
burns in O2 to produce CO2 and H2O
decolourise bromine water(orange to colourless)
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9
Q

Alkynes

A 
CnH2n-2
unsaturated hydrocarbon=triple bonds
linear(180 degrees)
burns in O2 to produce Co2 and H2O
does decolourise bromine water
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10
Q

molecular formula

A

eg. C5 H12

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11
Q

structural formula

A

drawn out fully

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12
Q

semi structural

A

eg. CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3

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13
Q

skeletal structure

A

no elements shown just the line

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14
Q

priority for naming (decreasing)

A 
Carboxylic acid
Ester
Amide
Aldehyde
Ketone
Alcohol
Amine
Alkene
Alkyne
Alkane
Branches
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15
Q

Alcohols

A

suffix=anol
-OH
Ethanol can be made by the fermentation of glucose or the hydration of ethene.
Hydroxyl group

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16
Q

Primary alcohols

A

only alcohols that oxidise to carboxylic acids (1 other carbon)

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17
Q

Secondary Alcohols

A

oxidise to form ketones (2 carbons)

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18
Q

Carboxylic acids

A

suffix=-oic acid
one double bonded O and one OH group
The carbon (which is always the first) is included in the name.
carboxyl group

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19
Q

Aldehydes

A

suffix=-anal

C=O bond at c1 on the main chain.

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20
Q

Ketones

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A

suffix= one

carbonyl group= C=O

21
Q

Amines

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A

R-NH2 R is an alkyl group
Suffix=-amine
prefix=amino only when functional group of higher thing is there.
eg. ethanamine

22
Q

Amides

Study These Flashcards
A

-CONH2
suffix=amide
prefix=amido
eg. methanamide

23
Q

Esters

Study These Flashcards
A

-OCO-
reaction of a carboxylic acid and an alcohol
suffix=yl of the alkyl group of the alcohol
suffix=oate of the carboxylic acid
eg. ethylethanoate

24
Q

Haloalkanes

Study These Flashcards
A

prefixes= chloro, bromo, iodo, fluoro
(used for chlorine, bromine, iodine and fluorine)
eg. 1-chlorobutane

25
Bonding between alkanes
>The closer the molecules are to each other (how closely they pack depends on their shape eg. linear is better) >The larger the molecules the more regions there are to attract each other. Size Exposed Surface Area
26
Comparing boiling points
1. Draw 2. Compare the size of the two molecules 3. Compare polarities
27
Solubility in water
Small alcohols, amines, aldehydes, carboxylic acids and amides are able to form hydrogen bonds with water and therefore soluble in water. The more hydrogen bonds able to be formed the more soluble.
28
complete combustion
needs excess O2 so elements can react fully with O2 | hydrocarbon + O2---> CO2 +H2O
29
incomplete combustion
insufficient O2 present. CO and C are produced instead of CO2 hydrocarbon + O2 ---> carbon monoxide + H2O hydrocarbon + O2 ---> carbon +H2O
30
Substitution reaction
Alkanes= saturated therefore number of chemical reactions they can undergo are limited Conditions=UV light alkane + halogen ---> (UV light) haloalkane + hydrogen halide
31
Addition of Alkenes
Alkanes= no addition bc no double bond(saturated) Alkenes can bc double bond. eg. double bond is attacked by bromine, unfolds.
32
Addition of alkenes HYDROGEN HALIDES
``` hydrogen halides (HF, HCl, HBr, HI) Alkene + hydrogen halide ---> Haloalkane ```
33
Addition of alkenes HYDROGENATION
conditions= nickel catalyst and 150 degrees C temp | Alkene + hydrogen ---> alkane
34
Addition of Alkenes STEAM
Conditions=Phosphoric acid catalyst, 300 degrees C and 60-70 atm pressure Alkene + water ---> alkanol
35
Production of ethanol from STEAM
``` chemical method ethene + steam ---> ethanol requires 300 degrees Celsius 60-70 atm H3PO4 catalyst ```
36
production of ethanol FERMENTATION OF GLUCOSE
biological glucose -----> carbon dioxide + ethanol uses yeast catalyst
37
Uses of ethanol
solvent in perfumes inks and glues Fuel To make esters 9 food flavourings) Alcoholic drinks
38
Oxidation of primary alcohols
oxidised by strong oxidising agents such as acidified permanganate or di chromate solution to from aldehydes and carboxylic acids. Partial =forms aldehyde full=forms carboxylic acid
39
Oxidation of secondary alcohols
oxidised by same oxidising agents( eg. dichromate solution) to form ketones.
40
Dichromate solution
Cr2O7^2-
41
Formation of esters
reaction between alkanol and acid produces water therefore condensation reaction more commonly referred to as esterification reaction catalyst=H2SO4 carboxylic acid + alcohol ----> water + ester
42
monomer
a molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to from a polymer
43
Addition polymerisation
the alkene molecules are the monomers | under pressure and with a catalyst the double bond between the monomers break and form bonds between the molecules.
44
Thermoplastic
A type of polymer: - chains loosely tangled together - no cross links - low melting points - can be remoulded eg. plastic bags and glad wrap
45
Thermosetting
A type of polymer: - cross links between chains - much higher melting points - cannot be remoulded - rigid and inflexible eg. kitchen bench coverings, outer layer on flat pack furniture
46
Elastomers
A type of polymer: - can be stretched or deformed - regain their shape - only a few cross links eg. rubber which is vulcanised by adding sulfur
47
LDPE
Polyethene(thermoplastic) Low density Poly Ethene -formed under high temperature and pressure -made of branched chains which do not fit together well. - low melting point - soft and flexible - Used to make glad wrap
48
HDPE
Polyethene( thermoplastic) High Density Poly Ethene - formed using a catalyst and much lower temperatures - chains are not branched - fit together much better - more crystalline and less amorphous - used to make wheelie bins and classroom chairs.

Chemistry (7 decks)

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