Organic Chemistry

Question 1

Hydrocarbon?

Answer 1

A compound containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms.

Question 2

Organic Molecules?

Answer 2

Molecules that contain carbon atoms.

Question 3

Saturated Compound?

Answer 3

A compound in which all of the bonds between carbon atoms are single bonds.

Question 4

Unsaturated Compound?

Answer 4

A compound in which there is at least one double bond and/or triple bond between carbon atoms.

Question 5

Functional Group?

Answer 5

An atom or a group of atoms that form the centre of chemical activity in the molecule.

Question 6

Homologous Series?

Answer 6

A series of similar compounds which have the same functional group and the same general formula, in which each member differs from the previous one by a single CH2 unit.

Question 7

Structural Formula?

Answer 7

Diagram that shows all the bonds between atoms in the molecule.

Question 8

Condensed Structural Formula?

Answer 8

Has the atoms written in groups, giving the structure ambiguously by not showing all the bonds.

Question 9

What are the prefixes? List them in order from 1 to 8.

Answer 9

Meth, Eth, Prop, But, Pent, Hex, Hept and Oct.

Question 10

Structural Isomers?

Answer 10

Compounds having the same molecular formula but different structural formulae.

Question 11

What are the 2 branches?

Answer 11

Methyl: 1 carbon.
Ethyl: 2 carbons.

Question 12

The General Formulae for Alkanes, Alkenes and Alkynes?

Answer 12

Alkanes: CnH2n+2
Alkenes: CnH2n
Alkynes: CnH2n-2

Question 13

The General Formula for Alcohols?

Answer 13

CnH2n+2O

Question 14

The General Formulae for Carboxylic Acids and Esters?

Answer 14

Both: CnH2nO2

Question 15

The General Formulae for Ketones and Aldehydes?

Answer 15

Both: CnH2nO

Question 16

IMFs in hydrocarbons?

Answer 16

London forces between non-polar molecules. Such forces exist between alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes.

Question 17

IMFs in Haloaklanes?

Answer 17

Dipole-Dipole forces between polar molecules. Such forces occur in haloalkanes and esters.

Question 18

IMFs in Alcohols?

Answer 18

A strong hydrogen bond between O and H of nearby molecules.

Question 19

IMFs in Carboxylic Acids?

Answer 19

Strong hydrogen bonds between two pairs of O and H atoms of nearby molecules.

Question 20

Elimination?

Answer 20

A reaction in which 2 atoms or groups of atoms are removed from a saturated molecule.

Question 21

The details and conditions of Dehydration?

Answer 21

Deals with alcohols in which there has been a removal of an H and an OH group - both as water. Conditions are heat with concentrated H2SO4 or another catalyst.

Question 22

The details and conditions of Dehydrogenation?

Answer 22

Deals with alkanes in which there has been a removal of 2H atoms as H2. Conditions are to mix with superheated steam.

Question 23

The details and conditions of Dehydrohalogenation?

Answer 23

Deals with haloalkanes in which there has been a removal of a hydrogen halide. Conditions include heat with a concentrated strong base dissolved in ethanol. No water should be present.

Question 24

The details and conditions of cracking?

Answer 24

Cracking is a type of elimination reaction performed to break bigger alkanes into smaller alkanes and alkenes. Conditions are that there must be no air present with the choice of either thermal or catalytic cracking. Note: Only one product should be an alkane also, no products are alkanes if H2 is a product as well.

Question 25

Types of Cracking?

Answer 25

Thermal: Done at high temperature and pressure.
Catalytic: Done at lower temperature and pressure, using a catalyst.

Question 26

Addition?

Answer 26

When 2 atoms or groups of atoms are added to an alkene.

Question 27

The details and conditions of hydration?

Answer 27

The addition of an H atom and an OH group - both as water - to an alkene. Conditions include excess H2O and a strong acid catalyst.

Question 28

The details and conditions of hydrogenation?

Answer 28

The addition of 2 H atoms to an alkene. Conditions include reaction in non-polar solvent, the use of a Pt/Pd/Ni catalyst, and an H2 atmosphere.

Question 29

The details and conditions of Hydrohalogenation?

Answer 29

The addition of a hydrogen halide to an alkene. Chemical reaction is spontaneous, but water must not be present (dry).

Question 30

The details and conditions of Halogenation?

Answer 30

The addition of 2 halogen atoms to an alkene. Chemical reaction is completely spontaneous.

Question 31

Combustion? What are the products of complete and incomplete combustion?

Answer 31

The burning of a hydrocarbon in oxygen. The products of complete combustion are CO2 and H2O. The products of incomplete combustion are those two and deadly CO gas.

Question 32

Substitution?

Answer 32

When one atom or group of atoms is replaced by another atom or group of atoms. There is no change in saturation for substitution reactions.

Question 33

How do branches reduce IMF strength?

Answer 33

Branches decrease the interactive surface area for intermolecular forces to take place and lowers the strength of these forces.

Question 34

Macromolecule?

Answer 34

A molecule that consists of a large number of atoms.

Question 35

Conditions of combustion?

Answer 35

Conditions include excess Oxygen and a spark or flame to provide activation energy.

Question 36

How do you predict the major product?

Answer 36

The H atom leaves from the carbon, which already has the fewest Hs. The H atom adds onto the carbon, which already has the most Hs.

Question 37

What should you understand about these flashcards?

Answer 37

That despite being long, lots of information isn’t covered, so value the Calculation Guides just as much.