Organic Chemistry

Question 1

Carbon Structure

Answer 1

Symbol C
Group 14
Atomic number 6
Atomic mass 12.01
Number of protons 6
Number of neutrons 6
Number of electrons 6
Electron arrangement 2,4
Bonding Covalent

Question 2

Molecular Formula

Answer 2

Notation used to show the type and number of atoms in a molecule.

Question 3

Condensed Structural Formula

Answer 3

Notation used to show the type and number of atoms in a molecule, with groups of atoms with the molecule written separately.

Question 4

Structural Formula

Answer 4

Graphical representation of a molecule, showing the type and number of atoms and how they are bonded.

Question 5

Homologous Series

Answer 5

A homologous series is a group of organic molecules from the same family of organic molecules that share the same general formula, and have similar chemical properties.
- Alkanes
- Alkenes
-Alcohols

Question 6

Alkanes

Answer 6

General Formula: CnH2n+2

Alkanes are a homologous series of hydrocarbons. characterise by having carbon atoms linked with single bonds. They all have the suffix -ane. Are saturated molecules. If any atoms are added to an alkane one atom must be removed first. This reaction knows as a substitution reaction. There needs to be enough energy (heat or UV light) must be available to overcome the activation energy required to break the strong C-H ho

Question 7

Alkenes

Answer 7

General Formula: CnH2n

Alkenes are a homologous series of hydrocarbons, characterise by having carbon atoms linked with one or more double bonds. They all have the suffix -ene. Are unsaturated molecules. If another atoms is added to an alined the double nod can be broken down to single bond and the available site can occupied by another atom. This reaction is known as an addition reaction. This reactions requires lower activation energy to break the double bond.

Question 8

Alcohols

Answer 8

General Formula: CnH2n+1OH
Alcohol are not hydrocarbons as they contain oxygen in addition to carbon and hydrogen atoms. The suffix is -anol. They are used as solvents and fuels and ethanol, a two carbon alcohol, is used to drink.

Question 9

Solute

Answer 9

A substance that can dissolve in a solvent.

Question 10

Solvent

Answer 10

The liquid that dissolves the solute.

Question 11

Solution

Answer 11

When a solute dissolves in a solvent.

Question 12

Soluble

Answer 12

The solid substance being dissolved.

Question 13

Insoluble

Answer 13

A substance that cannot dissolve in a solvent.

Question 14

Miscible

Answer 14

Two liquids that can dissolve into each other.

Question 15

Immiscible

Answer 15

Two liquids that cannot dissolve into each other.

Question 16

Melting and Boiling Points for alkanes

Answer 16

The more carbon atoms the higher the boiling point. The more carbon atoms in a molecule, the stonger the intermolecular forces which means they require more energy to break them apart and turn them into a gas.

Methane to Butane is a gas at room temperature.

Pentane to decane is a liquid at room temperature.

Question 17

Complete combustion

Answer 17

Occurs in a plentiful tuple of oxygen. All carbon and hydrocarbon atoms
are oxidise to carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O).

Fuel + Oxygen ==> Carbon dioxide + Water

Question 18

Incomplete combustion

Answer 18

Occurs in a limited supply of oxygen. Hydrogen atoms are oxides to water (H2O). Carbon products include carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon/soot (C)

Fuel + Oxygen ==> Carbon Monoxide + Water
or

Fuel + Oxygen ==> Carbon + Water

Question 19

Effects of combustion products on human health

Answer 19

Carbon monoxide is dangerous because it is colourless, odourless and very toxic since it competes with oxygen for the haemoglobin which is alter released when it arrives at the cells. When carbon monoxide is inhaled and enters the bloodstream it binds more than oxygen. This causes a lack of oxygen in the cells and causes body tissues and cells to die, leading to death.

Carbon can effect your respiratory system.

Question 20

Effects of combustion products on the environment

Answer 20

• Greenhouse Effect
• Global Warming
  -Acid Rain
  -Carbon Monoxide
  -Soot
  -Fuels
  -Biomass Energy
  -Non-Renewable Energy
  -Fossil Fuels (Coal, Oil and Gas)

Question 21

Fractional Distillation

Answer 21

In a fractional distillation, a mixture of liquids is boiled and the resulting vapors travel up a glass tube called a “fractionating column” and separate.

Coolest at the top (gases)
Lowest boiling points which is why they don’t condense (gases)
Hottest at bottom
Large molecules condense here as they have the highest boiling points.

Question 22

Fractions of Crude Oil and their uses

Answer 22

Bottom to top (Hottest to Coolest)
Bitumen (asphalt/road)
Lubricant Oil (wax)
Fuel Oil (factories)
Diesel (trucks)
Paraffin (fuel for airplanes)
Naphtha (cleaning fluids)
Gasoline (fuel in cars)
Petroleum Gas (cooking)

Question 23

Cracking

Answer 23

Breaking long chained molecules into shorter, and more useful products such as petrol or to make ethene, that can be made into plastics. The process involves heat and a catalyst.

Question 24

Monomer

Answer 24

Small molecules (alkenes) which join to form polymers.

Question 25

Polymerisation

Answer 25

Joining a large number of small molecules to make a very large chain.

Question 26

Linking different polymer products and their uses

Answer 26

Cling Film - Elastic, does not dissolve at room temperature chemically resistant, waterproof. Carrier Bags - Durable, can be moulded into a large rand of shapes, waterproof. Kitchenware - Durable can be moulded into a large range of shapes, dose not dissolve at room temperature, chemically resistant, waterproof.