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Chemistry GCSE > Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What is Crude Oil made of?

A

Fossilised Plankton

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2
Q

What are hydrocarbons made up of?

A

Only Hydrogen and Carbon

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3
Q

Crude Oil

A

A mixture of different compounds not chemically combined (mostly hydrocarbons)

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4
Q

Crude oil is a non-_______ resource

A

renewable

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5
Q

Longer chain =

A

higher melting point
higher viscosity
less flamable

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6
Q

Alkanes are useful as …

A

fuels

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7
Q

Alkanes

A

low reactivity
high combustion
good as fuels

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8
Q

Alkanes general formula

A

CnH(2n+2)

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9
Q

Alkanes (are they saturated)

A

Yes

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10
Q

Order of Alkanes

A

Methane
Ethane
Propane
Butane

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11
Q

In fractional distillation, where do long chain hydrocarbons condense?

A

bottom of fractional column

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12
Q

In fractional distillation, where is it hottest?

A

bottom

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13
Q

In fractional distillation, where do the short chain hydrocarbons condense?

A

top

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14
Q

What happens to the hydrocarbons after fractional distiallation?

A

Processed to make fuels and other products

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15
Q

Steps of fractional distillation?

A

Evaporate crude oil via heating
Put vapour in fractional column
Rise up and condense at distances from the bottom where hot

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16
Q

Homologus series

A

Alkanes
Alkenes
Alchohols
Carboxylic Acids

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17
Q

Alkene functional group

A

double bond Carbon (C)

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18
Q

Alchohol functional group

A

-OH

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19
Q

Carboxylic Acid functional group

A

-COOH

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20
Q

Alkene general formula

A

CnH(2n+1)

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21
Q

Alchohols general formula

A

CnH(2n+1)OH

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22
Q

Carboxylic Acid general formula

A

CnH(2n+1)COOH

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23
Q

Homologous series

A

A group of similar compounds

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24
Q

Organic

A

Carbon containing compounds

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25
Q

name given to different groups of hydrocarbons

A

fractions

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26
Q

which industry uses short-chain hydrocarbons as feedstock

A

petrochemical

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27
Q

Properties of Carbon Monoxide

A

Colourless
Toxic
Odourless

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28
Q

Heavy fractions of crude oil do not make good fuels because

A

They don’t burn easily
Low volatility
high boiling points

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29
Q

Complete combustion

A

Burning with Oxygen

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30
Q

Incomplete combustion

A

Burning without oxygen

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31
Q

Products of Complete combustion

A

Carbon Dioxide + Water

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32
Q

Products of incomplete combustion

A

Carbon Monoxide

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33
Q

Two types of Cracking

A

Catalytic
Steam

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34
Q

Catalytic Cracking

A

Heavy hydrocarbons passed over top of a heated catalyst

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35
Q

Steam Cracking

A

Heavy hydrocarbons combined with steam in high temperature environment

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36
Q

Products of cracking

A

Alkene + Alkane

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37
Q

Uses of Alkenes

A

Starting material for chemicals like ethanol
Combined to make polymers

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38
Q

Catalyst for reaction between steam and butene?

A

Phosphoric Acid

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39
Q

Fermentation

A

Adding yeast to a sugar solution
Carbon Dioxide produced as a by-product

40
Q

Ideal temp for fermentation using sugar yeast?

A

33 degrees

41
Q

Ideal pH for fermentation?

A

Slightly acidic

42
Q

Ideal oxygen levels for fermentation?

A

Low

43
Q

Why are alkenes unsaturated?

A

They contain a double C bond, so have less hydrogens, so can not form the max number of C single bonds

44
Q

Reaction of Alkenes

A

Incomplete combustion

45
Q

Which can take part in addition reactions?
Alkenes, Alkanes

A

Alkenes

46
Q

What is an addition reaction?

A

Two molecules form 1 product

47
Q

How to tell Alkanes and Alkenes apart?

A

Bromine water

48
Q

Bromine water –>
Tell if it’s Alkene

A

Turns colourless

49
Q

Bromine water –>
Tell if it’s Alkane

A

No colour change (remains orange-brown)

50
Q

Hydrogenation
Alkene + Hydrogen –>

A

Alkane

51
Q

Hydrogenation

A

Alkene + Hydrogen –> Alkane

52
Q

Hydrogenation
What is needed for reaction to occur?

A

Catalyst

53
Q

Hydration
Alkene + water(steam) –>

A

Alcohol

54
Q

Alkene + water(steam) –> Alcohol

A

Hydration

55
Q

Requirements for hydration?

A

Temp of 300 degrees celcius
Catalyst

56
Q

Alkene + Halogen –>

A

Halogenalkane

57
Q

When does yeast die in fermentation?

A

When ethanol reaches 15%

58
Q

What colour would limewater turn in Fermentation?

A

Milky white
- Carbon Dioxide is produced

59
Q

Which alcohol is produced in fermentation?

A

Ethanol

60
Q

Uses of Methanol?

A

Chemical feedstock
Added to industrial alcohols to prevent being drunk, as it’s toxic

61
Q

Uses of Ethanol?

A

Solvents
Drinks
Fuels

62
Q

Uses of Propanol and Butanol?

A

Fuels
Solvents

63
Q

What type of combustion do alcohols undergo?

A

Complete combustion

64
Q

Alchohol reaction with sodium?

A

Small hydrogen gas bubbles
Produces sodium …(eth)…(but)… oxide

65
Q

Solubility down the alcohol series?

A

Decreases
–> Shorter chains more soluble

66
Q

Oxidise an Alcohol –>

A

Carboxylic acid

67
Q

What typical acid properties do Carboxylic acids have?

A

Dissolve in water to form acidic solutions
React with metals to form salt and hydrogen
React with bases to form salt and water
React with carbonates to form salt, carbon dioxide and water

68
Q

Making esters

A

Carboxylic acids + Alcohols

69
Q

Functional group of esters?

A

-COO-

70
Q

Properties of esters

A

Fruity smell
Used as solvents

71
Q

Carboxylic Acids (weak or Strong)

A

Weak acids

72
Q

Weak acids

A

Partially dissociate in water

73
Q

3 examples of biological polymers?

A

DNA
Proteins
Starch and cellulose

74
Q

monomer in polymer DNA

A

nucleotides

75
Q

Structure of polymer DNA

A

double helix

76
Q

Monomer for polymer protein

A

amino acids

77
Q

Monomers for cellulose and starch polymers

A

sugar molecules

78
Q

How many amino acid monomers in a polypeptide?

A

50

79
Q

Condensation polymerisation

A

Chemical reaction in which monomers (small molecules) join together to produce a polymer and a small molecule such as water.

80
Q

How do amino acids become polymers?

A

Condensation polymerisation

81
Q

Functional groups in amino acids?

A

-COOH- (Carboxylic Acids)
-NH2

82
Q

Addition polymerisation?

A

Chemical reaction in which unsaturated monomers (small molecules) join together by addition reactions to produce a polymer (long molecule).

83
Q

What is required for addition polymerisation?

A

Monomer must have a double C bond

84
Q

Polyesters

A

Condensation polymer

85
Q

Naming esters?

A

Alcohol –> …yl
Carboxylic acid –> …oate
…yl …oate

86
Q

Alkene + Halogen –>

A

Halogenoalkene

87
Q

Alkene + Steam –>

A

Alcohol

88
Q

Hydration requirements

A

Catalyst (water)
Temperature of 300 degrees celcius

89
Q

How to tell the difference between Alkane and Alkene?

A

Bromide Water
Alkane –> no change
Alkene –> Orange-brown to colourless

90
Q

Addition reaction?

A

When the Alkene opens the double bond and 2 more compounds join the hydrocarbon.

91
Q

What reaction produces ethanol?

A

Fermentation

92
Q

Conditions needed for Fermentation?

A
  • Sugars dissolved in waters, mixed with yeast
  • Air lock which allows CO2 out, and prevents O2 coming in
  • Warm temperature (25-35)
93
Q

When does yeast die in fermentation?

A

When ethanol reaches 15% concentration

94
Q

When alcohol is oxidised…

A

carboxylic acid produced

95
Q

Alcohol solubility?

A

Decreases as the length of the hydrocarbon increases

96
Q

Properties of Carboxylic Acids?

A
  • Dissolve in water to form acidic solutions
  • React with metals to form salt and hydrogen
  • React with bases to form salt and water
  • React with carbonates to form salt, water and CO2

Chemistry GCSE (10 decks)

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