organic chemistry

Question 1

formula of carboxylic acids

Answer 1

COOH

Question 1

structure of alcohols

Answer 1

have a structure of OH

Question 2

how does a secondary alcohol turn into an ketone

Answer 2

heating with acidified potassium dichromate

Question 3

how does a primary alcohol turn into a carboxylic acid

Answer 3

through heating with reflux acid to make an aldehyde
then heating again
or using acidified potassium dichromate

Question 4

how does a primary alcohol turn into a aldehyde

Answer 4

heating with reflux acid

Question 5

what is an alkyl group

Answer 5

has a formula C^n H^2n+1

Question 6

how does an ester form

Answer 6

mixing a carboxylic acid and an alcohol
formula COOC

Question 7

what are alicyclic hydrocarbons

Answer 7

Compounds in which the carbon atoms are joined in a ring structure

Question 8

what are aromatic hydrocarbons

Answer 8

Atleast one Benzene ring in the structure

Question 9

what are aliphaticx hydrocarbons

Answer 9

Carbon atoms are joined in straight or unbranched chains

Question 10

what is the homologous series

Answer 10

Where substances have similar structure and the same functional groups
same properties

Question 11

formula for methane, ethane,propane,butane

Answer 11

CH4,C2H6,C3H8

Question 12

general formula for alkanes and alkenes

Answer 12

CnH2n+2 / CnH2n

Question 13

what are functional groups

Answer 13

They are what controls the characteristic chemical reactions

Question 14

what is tye suffix

Answer 14

satuerated hydrocarbon / The simple worded detail of a substance (aldehyde has -al)

Question 16

what is the prefix

Answer 16

indicate which carbon atom they are attched to

Question 17

what is the stem

Answer 17

longest chain of carbon atoms

Question 18

formula for alcohols
suffix, prefix

Answer 18

-OH / -OL / -HYDROXYL

Question 19

formula for aldehydes
suffix, prefix

Answer 19

-CHO / -AL

Question 20

formula of alkanes

Answer 20

C-C / -Ane

Question 21

formula of alkene
suffix, prefix

Answer 21

C=C / -ENE

Question 22

formula of carboxylic acids

Answer 22

-COOH / -OIC ACID

Question 23

formula of haloalkane
suffix, prefix

Answer 23

-F,-CL,-BR,-I / -FLOURO, -CHLORO, -BROMO, -IODO

Question 24

formula of ketone suffix, prefix

Answer 24

C-C=O-C / -ONE

Question 25

saturated and unsaturated hydRocarbons

Answer 25

saturated= no double bond / unsaturated=double bond (less hydrogen atoms)

Question 26

Different types of formulas

Answer 26

Empirical, skeletal, displayed, structural, general,molecular

Question 27

structural formula

Answer 27

minimum detail for the arrangement of atoms in compounds

Question 28

empirical formula

Answer 28

smallest number ratio of atoms in a compound

Question 29

molercular formula

Answer 29

shows the numbers and types of atoms in a compound

Question 30

skeletal formula

Answer 30

briefest way of representing organic molecules

Question 31

isomers definition

Answer 31

atoms of elements with same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons

Question 32

structural isomers

Answer 32

same molecular formula but different structural formula

Question 33

stereoisomers

Answer 33

isomers with same structural formula and same molecular formula but different arrangement

Question 34

E/Z isomerism

Answer 34

type of stereo isomerism, must have a C=C bond and both carbon atoms attached to different groups.

Question 35

cis-trans isomerism

Answer 35

type of E/Z isomerism-two substituents on the carbon atoms are the same

Question 36

when homolytiuc fission occurs?

Answer 36

when a covalent bond breaks and both electrons go to a different bonded atom

Question 37

when heterolytic fission occurs?

Answer 37

when a covalent bond breaks and both electrons go to the same bonded atom

Question 38

what does homolytic fission create

Answer 38

two reactive species called radicals form

Question 39

what does heterolytic fission create

Answer 39

results in a positive ion and a negative ion

Question 40

whatr bond is formed when two radicals collide?

Answer 40

covalent bond

Question 41

what are radicals?

Answer 41

species with one or more unpaired electrons

Question 42

boiling points ofalkanes

Answer 42

High boiling points but small range-derived from crude oil

Question 43

branched molecules have fewer ..... to ..... attractions compared to straight chain isomerism

Answer 43

induced dipole to dipole

Question 44

do branched molecules have a lower boiling point then straight chains

Answer 44

yes! this is due to them having fewer induced dipole-dipole interactions

Question 45

what is bond enthalpy?

Answer 45

amount of energy needed

Question 46

why do alkanes have a low reactivity with many reagants (2 reasons)

Question 47

products of complete combustion of alkanes?

Answer 47

co2,h20

Question 48

products of incomplete combustion of alkanes?

Answer 48

CO

Question 49

what is free radical substitution

Answer 49

alkanes react with UV light in the presence of chlorine or bromine

Question 50

when is free radical substitution ?

Answer 50

When you have an alkane and want to make a halogenalkane, a halogen replaces the H atom

Question 51

what is FRS used to make, and from what?

Answer 51

from alkanes to halogenalkanes

Question 52

negatives of free radical substitution

Answer 52

other organic molecules can be made and further substitution can occur

Question 53

what does initiation mean?

Answer 53

starting stage

Question 54

what does propagation mean

Answer 54

middle stage

Question 55

what does termination mean

Answer 55

final stage

Question 56

starter info of alkenes

Answer 56

form homologous series, unsaturated hydrocarbons, formula CnH2n

Question 57

shapes of alkene molecules

Answer 57

each member of a carbon atom has three areas of density around them- each electron density repels by the same amount forming bond angles of 120. And Trigonal planar shape

Question 58

bonding in alkenes

Answer 58

The C-H bonds are sigma bonds, a double C=C covalent bond makes a sigma bond and a PI bond forms from overlapping p-orbitals above and below the carbon atoms

Question 59

how is a sigma bond formed

Answer 59

from the overlap of covalent bonds of electrons

Question 60

why are alkenes more reactive than alkanes

Answer 60

Double bond

Question 61

what are nucleophiles

Answer 61

electron acceptors

Question 62

what are electrophiles

Answer 62

electron donators

Question 63

what do curly arrows represent

Answer 63

the movement/transfer of a bonded pair of electrons

Question 64

what happens in an elecvtrophilic addition reaction

Question 64

difference between nucleophilic substitution and electrophilic addition

Question 65

why does hydrogenation happen and what changes into what

Question 66

what is hydrogenation

Question 67

what are the conditions needed in hydrogenation

Question 68

what happens in halogenation

Question 68

what is halogenation

Question 69

what type of reaction is a halogenation

Question 70

what catalyst is most likely used

Question 71

what does an alkene change into

Question 72

what is a hydration reaction

Question 73

what is a hydration reaction between

Question 74

conditions of hydration reactions?

Question 75

what catalyst is used?

Question 76

how are haloalkanes formed

Question 77

T OR F atleast one hydrogen atoms is replaced by a halogen atom

Question 78

bond enthalpy of formation

Question 78

enthalpy of neutralisation

Question 78

enthalpy of combustion