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Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

How is crude oil separated

A

Fractional distilation

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2
Q

How are molecules separated in fractional distillation

A

By their boiling points

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3
Q

What is a hydrocarbon

A

A compound made of only carbon and hydrogen

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4
Q

Which hydrocarbons have higher boiling points

A

Longer chains

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5
Q

What is the process of fractional distillation

A
  1. The crude oil is heated until it boils
  2. The vapour passes into a fractionating column (large tower)
  3. Different fractions condense and are drawn off at different heights in the tower
  4. The hydrocarbons with the highest boiling points (longer chains) condense towards the bottom of the tower
  5. The smaller hydrocarbon molecules travel further up the columns until they condense and are drawn off.
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6
Q

What are the different products of fractional distillation (6)

A

Refinery gas
Gasoline
Kerosene
Diesel
Fuel oil
Bitumen

Retarded George Kelly dies from burning

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7
Q

What is refinery gas used for

A

Bottled gas for heating and cooking

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8
Q

What is gasoline used for

A

Fuel (petrol) in cars

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9
Q

What is kerosine used for

A

Used in oil stoves (paraffin) and as aircraft fuel

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10
Q

What is diesel used for

A

Fuel in diesel engines (e.g. lorries + buses)

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11
Q

What observations can be made as the chain length of hydrocarbons increases (3)

A

Increasing boiling point
Increasing viscosity (thicker)
Darker colour

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12
Q

What is crude oil

A

A mixture of hydrocarbons

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13
Q

What is the definition of a fuel

A

A substance that releases heat energy when burned

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14
Q

What are the products when hydrocarbons burn with lots of oxygen and what is this reaction called

A

Carbon dioxide + water. Combustion reaction (complete combustion)

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15
Q

What happens when a hydrocarbon burns in a limited supply of oxygen + what are the products

A

Incomplete combustion, carbon monoxide, soot (C) and water

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16
Q

What are the environmental problems with burning fossil fuels

A

The greenhouse effect and acid rain

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17
Q

What happens in car engines

A

Nitrogen oxide (2NO) is formed

N2+O2-> 2NO

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18
Q

Why is sulphuric acid produced from burning fossil fuels

A

They contain impurities such as sulphur

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19
Q

What does sulphur dioxide + water form

A

Sulphuric acid

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20
Q

What is the compound NO

A

Nitric oxide/nitrogen monoxide

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21
Q

What can the compound NO converted to and what does the converted compound do

A

Nitric acid - contributes to acid rain

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22
Q

Name the first 5 organic chemistry stems in order

A
  1. Meth-
  2. Eth-
  3. Prop-
  4. But-
  5. Pent-
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23
Q

What is a homologous series

A

A series of compounds with the same functional group. Can usually be described by a general formula.

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24
Q

What are the properties of a homologous series (4)

A

Same functional group
Same general formula
Similar chemical properties
Graduation in physical properties

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25
What is the general formula for alkanes
CnH2n+2
26
What is the functional group of alkenes
C=C C double bond C
27
What conditions are required for alkanes to react with halogens
UV light
28
What is the functional group of alkanes
There isn’t one
29
What is a substitution reaction
An atom or group in a molecule is replaced by another atom or group
30
What gas is produced when an alkane reacts with a halogen
Hydrogen halogen e.g. HBr
31
Does sunlight have UV light
Yes
32
What happens when an alkane reacts with a halogen
The halogen displaced a hydrogen in the alkane
33
What is the functional group of alkenes
C=C
34
What is the general formula of alkenes
CnH2n
35
What is saturated: alkene or alkane
Alkane
36
Why are alkenes unsaturated
They contain a double bond
37
How can you test if a hydrocarbon is saturated
Mix it with bromine water: Alkene. (Unsaturated) goes from orange to COLOURLESS (NOT CLEAR) but alkanes (saturated) stay orange
38
What happens when a halogen reacts with an alkene
The double bond is broken and the halogen is added with no gas given off
39
Where does a halogen go when reacting with an alkene
On the carbons which made up the C=C. Always next to each other
40
What is the definition of an isomer
Two or more compounds which have the same molecular formula (e.g C4H10) but different displayed (structural) formula
41
What must you never say when defining isomers because it is too vague
Chemical formula
42
What is the functional group of alcohols
-O-H
43
What is the general formula for alcohols
CnH2n+2O E.g C5H12O
44
What must a displayed formula show
Every bond in a molecule
45
What is the emprirical formula
The most simple ratio E.g glucose is normally C6H12O6 but the empirical formula is CH2O
46
What conditions are required for catalytic hydration to make ethanol from ethene(4)
Steam 300ºC, 60-70atm of pressure and phosphoric acid as a catalyst
47
What conditions are required for the fermentation of ethanol from glucose
30ºC, anaerobic, yeast
48
What is done for chemical oxidation of ethanol
Ethanol is heated with potassium dichromate(VI) and sulphuric acid
49
What colour does ethanol + potassium dichromate + sulphuric acid go and start at
Orange to green
50
What is the functional group of the carboxylic acids
-COOH
51
What is the oxidising agent in the chemical oxidation of ethanol
Potassium dichromate(VI)
52
What is the general formula for carboxylic acids
CnH2nO2
53
What is the ester functional group
O II -C-O-(C) The C is in brackets because on the gcse syllabus it isn’t there, but since carboxylic acids also have the same fuctional group as the esters, we add the C to differentiate because the carboxylic acids have an H there
54
What is the name for the formation of esters
Esterification
55
When forming an ester, what does the alcohol lose and what does the carboxylic acid lose
Alcohol - H Carboxylic acid - OH
56
How do you work out the alcohol and functional group from the ester
1. Find the oxygen that is bonded by 2 C atoms, one of which has a C=O above it 2. Split it away from the C=O Add H to the side with no double bond Add OH to the side with the C=O double bond
57
How do you prepare an ester (method)
1. Put ethanol (1cm^3) and ethanoic acid (1cm^3) into a test tube 2. Add 3-4 drops of concentrated sulphuric acid (catalyst) 3. Place into an 80ºC water bath for 5 mins Pour into a beaker containing sodium carbonate solution
58
Why must esters not be made over a Bunsen burner
Esters and alcohols are very flammable so Bunsen burners are not safe to use
59
Are addition polymers more or less reactive than condensation polymers
Less
60
What is a diol
Has an O-H group at each end of the chain
61
What is a dicarboxylic acid
A carboxylic acid that has 2 COOH groups
62
When doing condensation polymerisation, what does the dicarboxylic acid lose and what does the diol lose
Dicarboxylic acid - OH Diol - H Remember this is taken from both sides of the chain
63
What is the general formula for condensation polymers
n lots of the repeat unit 2n lots of water
64
What are the monomers of condensation polymerisation
Dicarboxylic acid + diol
65
What is the monomer in addition polymerisation
Alkene
66
What are the other products of condensation polymerisation other than the monomers
Water (remember because condensation is to do with water)
67
What are the other products of addition polymerisation other than the monomer
Nothing
68
What is a functional group
Atom or group of atoms in a molecule which gives it its characteristic chemical properties
69
What is an ester made up of
A carboxylic acid and a alcohol
70
What is used as a catalyst for estérification
Sulphuric acid
71
What is the salt called produced by a carboxylic acid
Methanoate Ethanoate Propanoate Butanoate Alcohol - L + ate
72
What is the purpose of cracking
Because crude oil has too high a proportion of long-chain hydrocarbons
73
Why are long chain hydrocarbons less desirable
They cannot be used for fuel so cannot be sold for as much
74
What happens to long chain hydrocarbons
They are cracked
75
Explain what a saturated hydrocarbon is (3 marks)
Saturated - no C=C bond so only single bonds, therefore is alkane. REMEMBER TO TALK ABOUT THE HYDROCARBON - an organic compound composed of entirely carbon and hydrogen atoms
76
What is the process of cracking
Breaking down a long chain alkane into shorter chain alkanes and an alkene
77
How does cracking differ from fractional distillation
Fractional distillation separates a mixture of hydrocarbons but cracking separates a long chain alkane into an alkane and an alkene
78
What conditions are required for cracking
600-700ºC Silica (SiO2) or alumina (Al2O3) as a catalyst
79
Give an example of what C10H22 may be cracked into
Hexane C6H14 is used as fuel Butene C4H8 is used for plastics
80
What range of carbon lengths is used in petrol
5-12
81
What range of alkanes may be used for kerosene
10-16
82
What range of carbon length alkanes are used for refinery gas
1-4
83
84
What carbon length alkane is used in diesel
12-20
85
What range of carbon lengths is used for fuel oil
20-40
86
What carbon length alkanes are used for bitumen
40+
87
Are all of the products of fractional distillation alkanes
Yes

Chemistry (7 decks)

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