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Chemistry Paper 2 > Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

What is a hydrocarbon

A

A compound made up from hydrogen and carbon only

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2
Q

What is crude oil

A

A mixture of different length hydrocarbons

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3
Q

What is an alkane

A

A hydrocarbon with single bonds only

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4
Q

What is the general formula for an alkane

A

Cn H2n+2

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5
Q

What is the alkane with one carbon called

A

Methane CH4

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6
Q

What is the alkane with 2 carbons called

A

Ethane C2H6

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7
Q

What is the alkane with 3 carbons called

A

Propane C3H8

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8
Q

What is the alkane with 4 carbons called

A

Butane C4H10

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9
Q

Fractional distillation of crude oil

A

Crude oil is heated until it becomes a gas. It enters the condenser where the hydrocarbons will split out. The hotter regions are at the bottom of the condenser with the cooler regions at the top.
Longer chain hydrocarbons will be at the bottom of the condenser and shorter chain hydrocarbons will be at the top of the condenser.

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10
Q

What stays at the bottom of the condenser in the fractional distillation of crude oil

A

The stickiest oil with the longest chain hydrocarbons

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11
Q

What is collect in the middle of the condenser in the fractional distillation of crude oil

A

Liquids and thinner oils

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12
Q

What is collected at the top of the condenser in the fractional distillation of crude oil

A

Gases and thin oil with the shortest chain hydrocarbons

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13
Q

Things at the top of the column in the fractional distillation of crude oil are and why

A

Flammable (shorter chain hydrocarbons so they have lower boiling points)
Less viscous (less sticky so flow easily as they have shorter chain hydrocarbons and lower boiling points)

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14
Q

Things at the bottom of the column in the fractional distillation of crude oil are and why

A

Not flammable (longer chain hydrocarbons so higher boiling points)
Viscous (sticky so do not flow easily as they have longer chain hydrocarbons so higher boiling points)

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15
Q

What can you do to break down the long chain hydrocarbons that are residue in fractional distillation of crude oil

A

Cracking
- heat
- catalyst

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16
Q

What does cracking form

A

More useful short alkanes
Alkenes

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17
Q

What does saturated mean

A

Containing the greatest possible number of hydrogen atoms without a carbon-carbon double bonds

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18
Q

What does unsaturated mean

A

Having carbon-carbon double bonds so therefore not containing the greatest possible number of hydrogen atoms

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19
Q

How do you test for Alkenes
(Double bonds/unsaturated)

A

Bromine water
Orange - colourless

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20
Q

What is an alkene

A

Hydrocarbons that are unsaturated with at least one double carbon to carbon bonds

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21
Q

What is the general formula of an alkene

A

CnH2n

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22
Q

What is the alkene with 2 carbons called

A

Ethene C2H4

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23
Q

What is the alkene with 3 carbons called

A

Propene C3H6

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24
Q

What is the alkene with 4 carbons called

A

Butene C4H8

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25
What is the alkene with 5 carbons called
Pentene C5H10
26
How many bonds does Hydrogen always make
1 bond
27
How many bonds does carbon always make
4 bonds
28
Complete combustion is where there is
Lots of oxygen
29
What is the word equation for the complete combustion of hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbon + oxygen - water + Carbon dioxide
30
Incomplete combustion is where there is
Restricted oxygen
31
What is the word equation for the incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbon + oxygen - water + carbon dioxide + carbon monoxide + carbon
32
Hydrogenation/hardening equation
Alkene + hydrogen - alkane
33
For hydrogenation / hardening you should
Do it at 60 degrees Celsius with a nickel catalyst
34
Hydration equation
Alkene + water - alcohol
35
What is the equation for the reaction of a alkene with a halogen
Alkene + halogen - haloalkane
36
Alcohols
They have an O-H functional group They always end in ol
37
What is the alcohol with 1 carbons called
Methanol
38
What is the alcohol with 2 carbons called
Ethanol
39
What is the alcohol with 3 carbons called
Propanol
40
What is the alcohol with 4 carbons called
Butanol
41
What happens when you react an alcohol with sodium
It fizzes Hydrogen gas is produced
42
What happens when you react an alcohol with oxygen
It burns Carbon dioxide produced
43
What happens when you react an alcohol with water
It dissolves
44
Carboxylic acids
They have a C = O - O-H functional group They always end in oic then acid
45
What is the carboxylic acid with 1 carbons called
Methanoic acid
46
What is the carboxylic acid with 2 carbons called
Ethanoic acid
47
What is the carboxylic acid with 3 carbons called
Propanoic acid
48
What is the carboxylic acid with 4 carbons called
Butanoic acid
49
Uses of carboxylic acid
Ethanoic acid is vinegar
50
What happens when you react carboxylic acid with carbonates
Fizzes
51
What happens when you react carboxylic acid with alcohols
Esters
52
Equation for the reaction of alcohols and carboxylic acids
Alcohol + carboxylic acid - ester + water
53
What is a monomer
A small simple molecule that can bond with other molecules to form a polymer
54
What is a polymer
A large molecule made of many repeating , smaller units called monomers
55
Can alkenes or alkanes be monomers
Alkenes
56
How do you name a monomer into a polymer
Put poly in front of the name of the alkene Eg Ethene becomes polyethene
57
How do you draw a monomer into a polymer
Break the double bond in the centre lines of the carbons square brackets and a little n after. There has to be a big N in front of the monomer
58
In condensation polymerisation you
Add monomers together You usually lose a water not always though
59
How to name an ester
First part of the name is an yl you take then anol from the alcohol and put the first part onto the yl eg methanol goes to methyl The second part of the name is an ate so you take the ic from the acid and put the rest on the ic eg Ethanoic acid would be ethanoate So the ester is methyl ethanoate
60
What type of reaction is cracking
Thermal decomposition

Chemistry Paper 2 (9 decks)

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