Organic chemistry Flashcards
(27 cards)
Alkanes
Hydrocarbons that have single bond, they are known to be saturated
Formula: CnH2n+2
Alkenes
Hydrocarbons that consist of at least one double bond, they are known to be unsaturated.
Formula: CnH2n
Cycloalkane
Ring structure with single bonds.
CnH2n
Cycloalkene
Ring structure that consists of at least one double bond.
CnH2n-2
Benzene
Hydrocarbon structure that contains alternating double and single bonds.
It includes 6 carbon atoms with 3 double.
It is very stable due to its delocalised electrons, however it cannot conduct electricity as the delocalised electrons cannot leave the ring.
Formula: C6H6
Subgroups
Smaller parts of a molecule attached to a main structure
Alkali subgroups
A type of subgroup that have 1 less hydrogen atom than the corresponding alkanes.
Formula: CnH2n+1
Halogen groups
Halogen atoms that attach to carbon chains, replacing a hydrogen on the carbon chain, compounds become a haloalkane.
Haloalkane
alkanes with one or more hydrogens replaced by a halogen atom
Isomers/ Structural Isomers
Molecules that share the same molecular formula but have different structural arrangements in their atoms.
Geometric isomers
Atoms joined together in the same order, but have different arrangements in space
Cis and Trans
Homologous series
A series of molecules in which each member differs from - CH2- from the previous member.
For example: Alkanes
- They have similar chemical properties
- But different physical properties like boiling point
Combustion
Substances that react with oxygen to produce heat and light.
Substances that usually burn are hydrocarbons like methane, ethane and propane.
Properties of Combustions
- Complete
- Incomplete
- Anything with carbon and hydrogen
Complete Combustion
Occurs where there is enough oxygen.
Produces carbon- DI- oxide and water.
(Petrol burns completely)
Incomplete combustion
Occurs where there isn’t enough oxygen.
Produces carbon- MON- oxide and water.
(Cold engine)
Substitution
One atom or group of atoms is swapped for another.
Occurs in alkanes (Meth and Eth) and halogens (chloro and Bromo)
Properties of substitution
- Alkanes and benzene
- No reactions occur at room temp
- Needs energy (uv light) (breaks bonds in the halogen molecule).
- Produces inorganic and organic products.
Benzene substitution
- Catalyst is needed.. it doesn’t react easily as it is very stable due to its ring structure containing delocalised electrons
- Catalyst Al and Fe
Addition reactions
Atoms are added into a molecule, usually across a double bond.
Properties of addition
Usually done with alkenes as double bonds are reactive.
- Halogenation
- Hydrogenation
- Hydration
Halogenation
Reaction with group 17 elements, when a halogen adds to both carbon atoms of a double bond turning an alkene to a hydroalkane.
Halogen observation
A clear colourless solution is added to an orange solution to produce a clear colourless solutions.
Hydrogenation
Reaction where hydrogen is added across a double or triple bond in an unsaturated compound (alkenes)
Turning unsaturated hydrocarbons into saturated hydrocarbons.
(NICKEL CATALYST MUST BE PRESENT)
