Organic Chemistry

Question 1

What is a homologous series

Answer 1

A group of compounds with the same general formula and have similar chemical properties

Question 2

What is an alkene

Answer 2

They contain hydrogen and carbon only and have one double bond

Question 3

What is fermentation

Answer 3

The process of using yeast to convert carbohydrates (sugars) into alcohol

Question 4

What conditions do you need for fermentation?

Answer 4

30 to 40 degrees to hot and the enzyme denatures

Anaerobic conditions

Question 5

How to produce ethanol

Answer 5

If you have a lot of crude oil you can use ethene and steam to produce ethanol, this is cheaper however you can grow sugar cane and ferment it if you have a lot of fertile land.

Question 6

What are problems with excess alcohol

Answer 6

Reduces activity of nervous system.

Impaired judgement poor balance and coordination.

Question 7

How to turn ethanol to ethene

Answer 7

Dehydration,

Produces ethene and water

Question 8

What is ethanoic acid

Answer 8

Vinegar

Question 9

What is the formula of ethanoic acid

Answer 9

CH3COOH

Question 10

What is it’s functional group of carboxylic acid

Answer 10

COOH

Question 11

How does ethanol become ethanoic acid?

Answer 11

Reaction with oxygen

Question 12

How to make an ester?

Answer 12

Alcohol plus carboxylic acid

Question 13

Formula for ethyl ethanoate

Answer 13

CH3COOC2H5

Question 14

What is the functional group of alcohols

Answer 14

OH

Question 15

What does the carboxylic Acid functional group mean

Answer 15

Anoic acid

Question 16

How to produce ethanol by fermentation

Answer 16

Mix yeast and a solution of carbohydrates, seal and leave in a warm place . Keep the mixture between 30 and 40 degrees. Keep anaerobic conditions, oxygen converts ethanol into ethanoic acid otherwise. When the concentration of alcohol reaches about 20% fermentation stops as the alcohol kills the yeast.

Question 17

What do yeast convert carbohydrates into

Answer 17

Sugars and alcohol

Question 18

How can you concentrate ethanol

Answer 18

Fraction distillation . This separates the ethanol from water as ethanol has a lower boiling point. The ethanol evaporates and rises up the collumn. A Liebig condenser is used to condense the ethanol

Question 19

Pros and cons of fermentation

Answer 19

It uses renewable resources ( sugar can and sugar beet) however the quality isn’t great and it’s expensive to concentrate and purify ethanol

Question 20

What are problems of alcohol for society

Answer 20

Leads to loutish behaviour and violence. People can become addicted leading to family break downs and job losses. Leads to irresponsible behaviour I..e having sex with random people
Drink driving causes death. Economic costs

Question 21

How to turn ethene to ethanol

Answer 21

React it with Steam, get the ethanol from fractional distillation of crude oil it is relatively cheap. It can be made quickly and continuously and needs little further processing as it is high quality

Question 22

How do you make vinegar

Answer 22

Vinegar is known as ethanoic acid. Just add oxygen to ethanol which produces vinegar and water

Question 23

How do you make a carboxylic acid

Answer 23

React e

Ethanoic acid with a metal base or carbonate

Question 24

What is produced when ethanoic acid is reacted with a metal

Answer 24

you get hydrogen and the metal ethanoate m

Question 25

What does ethanoic acid turn universal indicator

Answer 25

Red or orange

Question 26

What happens to blue litmus paper when in contact with ethanoic acid

Answer 26

It turns red

Question 27

What happens when your react ethanoic acid with a carbonate

Answer 27

You get the first part of the carbonate with the ethanoate for example sodium ethanoate and then carbon dioxide and water

Question 28

What is the functional group of esters

Answer 28

-COO-

Question 29

What s the reaction to make an ester

Answer 29

Alcohol + carboxylic acid to ester + water

Question 30

What are esters used for

Answer 30

To make perfumes and flavourings and aromas

Question 31

What are polyesters

Answer 31

They are polymers that contain the eater functional group

Question 32

What are uses of poly esters

Answer 32

Plastic bottles. Can be used for fabric to make clothing they can be recycled and turned into fleece that's used to make clothing,

Question 33

What are soaps made from

Answer 33

Esters and an alkali

Question 34

What part of a soap anion is hydrophilic

Answer 34

This is the head of the anion it is normally small and ionic

Question 35

What does hydrophilic mean

Answer 35

It means that it dissolves in water

Question 36

What does hydrophobic mean

Answer 36

Doesn't like water but it is attracted to grease or oil

Question 37

What part is hydrophobic

Answer 37

The tail it is usually a long hydrocarbon chain

Question 38

How does soap work

Answer 38

The hydrophobic part is attracted to the stains as in the oil or fats this is then lifted off when the head or hydrophilic part is carried away by the water. The tail or hydrophobic part surround the fat blob and allow it to move away

Question 39

What are unsaturated oils generally less

Answer 39

Viscous

Question 40

How can you make an unsaturated oil to a saturated one

Answer 40

By breaking down the double bonds and adding hydrogen

Question 41

What is hydrogenation

Answer 41

This is when hydrogen is added to an unsaturated oil to make it saturated

Question 42

What is it called when a catalyst is used to speed up the hydrogenation process

Answer 42

Catalytic hydrogenation

Question 43

What are polyunsaturated vegetables oils hydrogenated to make

Answer 43

Margarine