Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Chemistry > Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry Flashcards

(85 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

what is the general formula of a compound

A

(the simplest algebraic formula of a member of a homologous series) e.g. for an alkane: CnH2n+2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the structural formula of a compound

A

(the minimal detail that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule) e.g. for butane: CH3CH2CH2CH3 or CH3(CH2)2CH3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the displayed formula of a compound

A

the relative positioning of atoms and the bonds between them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the skeletal formula of a compound

A

the simplified organic formula, shown by removing hydrogen atoms from alkyl chains, leaving just a carbon skeleton and associated functional groups)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

*what is a homologous series

A

(a series of organic compounds having the same functional group but with each successive member differing by CH2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is a functional group

A

(a group of atoms responsible for the characteristic reactions of a compound)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is an alkyl group

A

(of formula CnH2n+1)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what does aliphatic mean

A

(a compound containing carbon and hydrogen joined together in straight chains, branched chains or non-aromatic rings)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what does alicyclic mean

A

(an aliphatic compound arranged in non-aromatic rings with or without side chains)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what does aromatic mean

A

(a compound containing a benzene ring)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is a saturated bond

A

(single carbon–carbon bonds only)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is a unsaturated bond

A

(the presence of multiple carbon–carbon bonds, including C=C, C/C and aromatic rings)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is a structural isomers

A

(compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is homolytic fission *

A

each bonding atom receiving one electron from the bonded pair, forming two radicals
covalent bond splitting
*(Breaking a covalent bond to form two radical)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is heterolytic fission*

A

one bonding atom receiving both electrons from the bonded pair
*(Breaking a covalent bond to form two oppositely charged ions)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is a radical

A

a species with an unpaired electron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

three stages of homolytic free radical substitution

A

initiation
propagation x2
termination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what conditions are needed for homolytic free radical substitution

A

UV light - sunlight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are problems with homolytic free radical substitution

A
  • reaction is uncontrollable - further substitutions
  • radicals can form other organic compounds in the termination stage
  • reactions at different positions along the carbon chain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is a σ-bond:

A

Overlap of orbitals directly between the bonding atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is a hydrocarbon

A

compound of hydrogen and carbon only

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is *E/Z isomerism

A

an example of stereoisomerism, due to restricted rotation about a double bond and two
different groups attached to each carbon atom of the C=C group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is *Cis–trans isomerism

A

: A special case of E/Z isomerism in which two of the substituent groups attached to
each carbon atom of the C=C group are the same

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is an electrophile*

A

An electron pair acceptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what is a π-bond*
Sideways overlap of adjacent p-orbitals above and below the bonding C atoms
26
what are stereo isomers *
Compounds with the same structural formula but a different arrangement in space
27
what do curly arrows show*
Shows the movement of an electron pair during a reaction | shows either heterolytic fission or formation of a covalent bond
28
what does saturated molecule have
contains Only contains carbon – carbon single bonds
29
what does unsaturated molecule have
contains carbon carbon double bonds the presence of multiple carbon–carbon bonds, including C=C, C/C and aromatic rings
30
general formula for an alkane
C n H 2n+2
31
what can use to represent radicals in mechanisms
dots
32
are alkanes saturated or unsaturated
saturated (c-c) bonds
33
can alkanes show stereoisomerism
no because of the free rotation of the sigma bond
34
what type of bond are the c-c and the c-h bond in alkanes
sigma bond
35
what is the shape and bond angle around carbons in an alkane
tetrahedral | 109.5
36
what happens to boiling point as carbon chain length increases in alkanes
increases dues to more electrons means stronger induced dipole dipole forces
37
What are the prefixes for homologous series
``` Meth Eth Prop But Pent Hex Hep Oct Non Dec ```
38
What do prefixes refer to when naming compounds
The number of carbons in the longest carbon chain
39
What are structural isomers
Have the same molecular formula but a different structure Posses different qualities E.g. heptane, 2-methyl hexane
40
Definition of a sigma bond
Is the overlap of orbitals between two atoms | Free to rotate
41
Why are alkanes not very reactive
High bond enthalpy (strong bonds) | Low polarity
42
What are the two ways to break a covalent bond
Heterolytic or homolytic
43
What is the more dangerous way of combustion of alkanes
Incomplete because it produces carbon monoxide
44
What is heterolytic fission
Breaking of a covalent bond to form positive or negative ion
45
What is homolytic fission
The breaking of a covalent bond to form two radicals
46
What is a radical
A species with an unpaired electron
47
What is needed for homolytic free radical subsition
UV light or Sunlight
48
Equation for homolytic free radical substitution
Alkane+ hydrogen -> acid + haloalkane
49
What are the three steps in homolytic free radical substitution
Initiation Propagation Termination
50
What are the problems with free radical substitution
Uncontrollable reaction | Further substitutions can take place - other organic products can be produced in termination steps
51
Real life example of free radical substitution
Depletion of the ozone layer (O3) O3 + O —> 2O2
52
What is causing the depletion of the ozone
CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons )
53
What does branching do to the melting point of a | molecules
Non - branched molecules have higher melting points as they have more points of contact than branched molecules
54
Formula for alkenes
CnH2n
55
Do alkenes have double bonds
Yes | alkEnEs
56
Are alkenes unsaturated or saturated
Unsaturated
57
Structure of alkenes
Special arrangement around the C=C bond is planar | Bond angles are 120
58
What is a pi bond
A pi bond is the overlap of p-orbitals above and below Atom s (Second bond that makes it a double bonds)
59
What is an electrophile
An electron pair acceptor
60
What is an addition reaction
Something is added to a species only one product is formed
61
What does alkene plus hydrogen make
An alkane
62
What catalyst is needed to make an alkene into an alkane
A nickel catalyst
63
What does alkene plus steam make
An alcohol
64
What catalyst is needed to make an alcohol from an alkene
Phosphoric acid catalyst | H3PO4
65
What is a carbocation
A positive carbon atom | Car-Bon-cat-ion
66
What does a curly arrow show
Shows the movement of electrons Bond breaking ( starts at bond) Arrow must come from electrons/bond not the letter
67
What is Markownikoff’s rule about carbocation stability
When two products formed one is formed in a larger quantity In electrophilic addition to alkene s the major product is formed vi the more stable carbocation intermediate
68
What is the most stable carbocation
Tertiary then secondary then primary
69
How to tell if a carbocation (or alcohol) is primary secondary or tertiary
The number of carbons on the carbon the + (or OH) is on Primary - one carbon two hydrogen Secondary- two carbons one hydrogen Tertiary- three carbons no hydrogen
70
What is needed in a curly Arrow mechanism for addition reaction
A polar molecule with a dipole | And a molecule with a double bond (e.g. alkene)
71
What is a stereo isomer
Compounds with the same structure and different arrangement in space
72
What is needed to form a stereo isomer
A double bond | And each carbon on the double bond must have different groups on it
73
Why does stereo isomerism occur
Due to the restricted rotation of the C =C bond | And each carbon on the double bond has two different groups attached
74
What is a cis-isomer
Identical groups on the same side of the double bond H H | | - C-C-
75
What is a trans isomer
Groups on opposite sides of the double bond
76
When can cis-trans be used
Can only be used when there are two identical groups attached to each carbon —> need to have at least one cook group on each carbon
77
When is E/Z isomerism used
Occurs when the carbons don’t have one identical group
78
How to decide if a molecule has E or Z isomerism
Need to assign priorities- highest atomic mass of the first atom attached to the carbon in the double bond
79
What is an E isomer
The higher prioritie atoms are on the same side of the c=C
80
What is a Z isomer
If the higher priority groups are on the same side of the C =C bond zame zide
81
What is polymerisation
The process of adding monomers to form a polymer | Monomer undergoes addition reaction with itself
82
4 methods of disposing plastics
Organic feedstock(turn into other plastics) Recycle Combustion Landfill
83
Negatives of combustion
Releases carbon dioxide which contributes to global warming and climate change Can also be produce other toxic chemicals like HCL (However these toxic gases can be removed using alkali scrubbers)
84
What does biodegradable mean
Something that is broken down by living things | Can make polymers biodegradable like plant starch is mixed with an addition polymer
85
What does photodegradable mean
Something that is broken Down by light | Might not break down if in a landfill as their is no light

Chemistry (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions