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Chemistry GCSE > Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the functional group alcohol?

A

-OH

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2
Q

What is the general formula for an alcohol

A

CnH2n+1OH

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3
Q

What are properties of alcohol?

A

They are flammable
Soluble in water - neutral pH
React with sodium to produce hydrogen
Can be oxidised to produce “carboxylic acid”

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4
Q

Uses of alcohol:

A 
As alcoholic beverages
As solvents
In perfumes
As fuels
In hand sanitiser
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5
Q

What is ethanol made by?

A

Fermentation

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6
Q

What happens during fermentation?

A

An enzyme in yeast converts sugars into ethanol

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7
Q

What is the functional group of carboxylic acid?

A

-COOH

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8
Q

What does carboxylic acid form when reacted with carbonates?

A

A salt (-anoate), water and carbon dioxide

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9
Q

What happens when carboxylic acid dissolves in water?

A

They ionise and release H+ ions, making the solution acidic

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10
Q

Why is carboxylic acid a weak acid?

A

It doesn’t completely ionise in water

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11
Q

What is produced when carboxylic acid react with alcohol?

A

Esters

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12
Q

What is used to react carboxylic acid and alcohol?

A

An acid catalyst

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13
Q

What are polymers?

A

Long molecules that are formed when monomers join together

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14
Q

What is the functional group for esters?

A

-COO-

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15
Q

What is needed for polymerisation?

A

High pressure and catalyst

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16
Q

What type of monomers are needed for addition polymerisation?

A

Unsaturated monomers (alkenes) - have a double bond

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17
Q

How many products formed from addition polymerisation?

A

1 - the polymer

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18
Q

What molecules do condensation polymerisation occur between?

A

Molecules that contain 2 different functional groups

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19
Q

What happens when when a new bond forms during condensation polymerisation?

A

A small molecule is lost - usually water

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20
Q

Number of types of atoms for addition polymerisation:

A

1 monomer with a C=C bond

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21
Q

Number of types of atoms for condensation polymerisation:

A

2 monomer types each containing 2 of the same functional group (different from each other but each monomer only has 1 of the same)
1 monomer containing 2 different functional groups

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22
Q

Number of products from addition polymerisation:

A

1 product

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23
Q

Number of products from condensation polymerisation:

A

2 types of products - the polymer and a small molecule

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24
Q

Functional groups involved in condensation polymerisation:

A

2 reactive groups of each monomer

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25
Functional groups involved in addition polymerisation:
Carbon-carbon double bond in monomer
26
How many functional groups do amino acids have?
2 different
27
What are the different functional groups an amino acid has
A basic amino group (NH2) | An acidic carboxyl group (COOH)
28
What polymers do amino acids form?
Polypeptides
29
How do amino acids form polypeptides?
Via condensation polymerisation
30
What are long chains of polypeptides known as?
Proteins
31
What gives the different properties and shapes of proteins?
The order of amino acids
32
What is DNA made up of?
2 polymer chains of monomers called nucleotides
33
What does each nucleotide contain?
A small molecule called a base
34
What do bases on different polymer chains do to keep the 2 strands of nucleotides together?
Pair up with each other and form cross links
35
What does the order of bases in DNA act as?
Code for an organism's genes
36
What do sugars contain?
Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen
37
What can sugars form when reacted together through polymerisation?
Larger carbohydrate polymers e.g. starch and cellulose
38
metal + acid -->
salt + hydrogen
39
metal + alkali -->
salt + water
40
metal oxide + acid -->
salt + water
41
metal hydroxide + acid -->
salt + water
42
metal carbonate + acid -->
salt + water + carbon dioxide
43
metal + water -->
metal hydroxide + hydrogen
44
What are hydrocarbons made of?
Carbon and hydrogen atoms
45
What is the general formula of alkanes?
CnH2n+2
46
Are alkanes saturated compounds?
Yes
47
Why are alkanes saturates?
The carbon atoms only form (4) single bonds
48
What is meant by viscous?
Thick
49
What is meant by volatile?
Evaporates more easily - lower boiling points
50
Properties of hydrocarbons the shorter the chain:
Less viscous / more runny More volatile More flammable
51
What do the properties of hydrocarbons affect?
How they are used as fuels
52
When does complete combustion occur?
When there is plenty of oxygen
53
What does complete combustion release?
A lot of energy, water vapour and carbon dioxide
54
What from the hydrocarbon is oxidised during combustion?
Both carbon and hydrogen
55
Why are hydrocarbons used as fuels?
They release a lot of energy when they combust completely
56
When does incomplete combustion take place?
When there is a poor supply of oxygen
57
Why would people prefer to use an alkane instead of an alkene during combustion?
Alkenes are more likely to undergo incomplete combustion while alkanes release more energy during combustion
58
Why use octane instead of octene in a car engine? | 4 marks
Octene tends to undergo incomplete combustion so produces smokier flames It also prodces more CO, which is poisonous Octane releases more energy during combustion than octene Octane is a more efficient fuel
59
How does crude oil form?
From remains of plants and animals, mainly plankton, buried under mud under high pressure and temperatures
60
What is crude oil?
A mixture of lots of different hydrocarbons
61
How are different compounds separated in crude oil?
Using fractional distillation
62
What has to be done to the crude oil before it can enter the fractionating column?
It has to be vapourised
63
What is the temperature gradient like in the fractionating column?
It becomes cooler as you go up the fractionating column
64
What happens to the vapour as it rises up the fractionating column?
It cools and condenses at their boiling points, at different levels
65
Why does the vapour condense at different boiling points in the fractionating column?
Because different hydrocarbons have different boiling points
66
Where do longer hydrocarbons condense and why?
They condense quickly, near the bottom because they have high boiling points
67
Where do shorter hydrocarbons condense and why?
They condense near the top because they have low boiling points
68
What does each fraction contain?
A mixture of hydrocarbons with a similar number of carbon atoms and therefore similar boiling points
69
What happens during fractional distillation?
The crude oil is vapourised and entered into the fractionating column. The vapour rises up the column before cooling and condensing at their boiling points, at different levels, because different hydrocarbons have different boiling points. This happens because the column has a temperature gradient, become cooler as you go up the fractionating column. Long hydrocarbons condense quickly, near the bottom because they have high boiling points while short hydrocarbons condense near the top because they have low boiling points. The crude oil is separated into different factions, mixtures of hydrocarbons with a similar number of carbon atoms and therefore similar boiling points
70
What can crude oil be used foe?
Fuel - for transport | To make compounds such as polymers, solvents, lubricants
71
What type of reaction is cracking?
Thermal decomposition
72
Why are short-chain hydrocarbons in high demand?
Because they are flammable and therefore make good fuels
73
How are long alkane molecules made useful?
They are broken down into smaller molecules through cracking
74
What does cracking produce?
An alkene and an alkane
75
How are alkenes useful?
They can be used to make polymers
76
What are the 2 types of cracking?
Cracking with a catalyst | Cracking with steam
77
What happens when cracking with a catalyst?
The large hydrocarbons are vapourised The vapour is passed over a hot catalyst The long-chain molecules split up on the surface of the catalyst - catalytic cracking
78
What happens when cracking with steam?
The large hydrocarbons are vapourised The vapour is mixed with steam It is then heated to a very high temperature
79
What is the general formula of an alkene?
CnH2n
80
Why are alkenes saturated?
They have a double C=C bond
81
What do alkenes have?
They have a double bond between 2 of the carbon atoms
82
Why are alkenes more reactive than alkanes?
Because the double C=C bond can open up to make a single bond, allowing the 2 carbon atoms to bond with other atoms
83
In a large amount of oxygen, alkenes combust _________ to produce ____ + _____ ______
Completely Water Carbon dioxide
84
What else is produced when alkenes undergo incomplete combustion?
Carbon or carbon monoxide
85
What happens during an addition reaction?
The carbon-carbon double bond opens up to leave a single bond and a new atom is added to each carbon
86
What is hydrogenation?
Addition of hydrogen
87
What does the hydrogenation of alkene produce?
A saturated alkane
88
During hydrogenation, the _____ is reacted with ________ in the presence of a _______
Alkene Hydrogen Catalyst
89
What is formed when an alkene is reacted with steam?
Alcohol
90
Ethanol can be made by mixing _____ with ____ and then passing it over a _________
Ethene Steam Catalyst
91
Do alkenes react with halogens?
Yes
92
Is the molecule formed when halogens and alkenes react saturated or unsaturated?
Saturated
93
What is formed when bromine and ethene reacts?
Dibromoethane
94
How can you test for alkenes?
Add bromine
95
What happens when bromine water is added to an alkane?
No reaction takes place - it remains orange
96
What happens when bromine water is added to an alkene?
The bromine will add across the double bond making a colourless compound
97
What colour is dibromoethane?
Colourless

Chemistry GCSE (10 decks)

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