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iGCSE Chemistry > Organic Chemistry l > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry l Flashcards

(58 cards)

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1
Q

What are the fractions of crude oil?
(Low BP to High BP)

A

Refinery Gases
Gasoline
Kerosine
Diesel
Fuel Oil
Bitumen

(Rich, Girls, Kiss, Dumb, Football, Boys)

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2
Q

What are Refinery gases used for?

A

Heating and cooking

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3
Q

What is Gasoline used for?

A

Cars

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4
Q

What is Kerosene used for?

A

Planes

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5
Q

What is Diesel used for?

A

Lorries

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6
Q

What is Fuel Oil used for?

A

Ships

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7
Q

What is Bitumen used for?

A

Tarmac

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8
Q

What is a hydrocarbon?

A

An compound made up of only hydrogen atoms and carbon atoms

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9
Q

How does Fractional Distillation work?

A
  1. Heated crude oil vapours enter the column
  2. Vapours rise until they reach their boiling boing, when they condense
  3. Different vapours condense at different heights due to their different boiling points
  4. Similar vapours condense together as a fraction
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10
Q

What are the temperatures for each fraction?

A

Refinery Gases - -50
Gasoline - 50-100
Kerosene - 180-220
Diesel - 220-250
Fuel oil - 250-350
Bitumen - 350+

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11
Q

What are the chain lengths for each fraction?

A

C1 - C4
C5 - C10
C10 - C16
C14 - C20
C50 - C70
C70+

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12
Q

What is the general formula for alkanes?

A

CnH2n+2

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13
Q

What is the formula for Methane?

A

CH4

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14
Q

What is the formula for Ethane?

A

C2H6

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15
Q

What is the formula for propane?

A

C3H8

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16
Q

What is the formula for Butane?

A

C4H10

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17
Q

What is the formula for pentane?

A

C5H12

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18
Q

What are isomers?

A

Isomers are molecules with the same molecular formula but different displayed formula

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19
Q

What are the characteristics of homologous series?

A

Similar chemical properties
Trends in physical properties
Same general formula

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20
Q

What is empirical formula?

A

Simplest whole number ratio

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21
Q

When does complete combustion occur?

A

When there is an excess of oxygen

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22
Q

What are the products of complete combustion?

A

Carbon dioxide and Water

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23
Q

When does incomplete combustion occur?

A

When there is not enough oxygen

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24
Q

What are the products produced in incomplete combustion?
What are the dangers of incomplete combustion?

Study These Flashcards
A

Carbon Monoxide (CO)
- A toxic gas
- Attaches to haemoglobin and lower oxygen carrying capacity of blood

Soot (C)
- causes lung disease

25
What are the three pollutants released in the combustion of alkanes and what are the dangers?
Carbon dioxide Greenhouse gas, traps heat in the atmosphere and causes global warming Nitrogen Oxides When nitrogen from the air combusts Forms acid rain which is harmful to aquatic life and plants Sulphur dioxide Sulphur impurities in the fuel combust Dissolves in rainwater to form acid rain
26
What happens when Halides react with Alkanes?
1. Substition reaction - H is swapped with Br 2. The reaction requires UV light
27
What is cracking?
A long chain of alkanes are broken down to produce smaller chains of alkanes
28
Why is cracking important?
Shorter chains are more useful Shorter chains are in demand and supply is limited
29
What are the conditions for cracking?
Temperature - 650C Catalyst - Aluminium Oxide
30
What is the general formula for alkenes?
CnH2n
31
What are unsaturated molecules?
Molecules contains double bonds
32
What are saturated molecules?
Molecules containing single bonds between carbon atoms
33
Formula for… Ethene Propene Butene Pentene
C2H4 C3H6 C4H8 C5H10
34
Describe the reaction between Br and alkenes
1. Bromine is an orange/yellow solution 2. Shake solution with bromine 3. Mixture turns orange to colourless in the presence of an unsaturated molecule (alkene) 4. Addition Reaction 5. Does not need a UV light because alkenes are more reactive than alkanes
35
what is a polymer?
A polymer is a long chain of molecule made up of monomers
36
What is a monomer?
A monomer is a small reactive alkene
37
What is addition polymers?
Molecules with C=C bonds add into long chains
38
What are the four common polymers?
Poly(ethene) Poly(propene) Poly(chloroethene) Poly(tetrafluoroethene)
39
What are the uses and properties of poly(ethene)
Properties - electrically insulating - flexible Use - Plastic bottles - Plastic bags
40
What are the properties and uses of Poly(propene)?
Properties - strong - flexible Uses - Climbing Ropes - Storage boxes
41
What are the properties and uses of Poly(chloroethene)?
Properties - Long-Lasting - Tough Uses - Wire insulation - Drain pipes
42
What are the properties and uses of Poly(tetrafluoroethene) ?
Properties - tough - non stick - resistant to high temp Uses - Non-stick coating
43
What are the four disposal options polymers?
1. Re-use it 2. Recycle 3. Incinerate/destroy 4. Landfill
44
Test for Alkane
1. Add Bromine water and shake 2. Under UV light 3. Orange — colourless
45
Testing for alkene
1. Add bromine water and shake 2. Orange — colourless
46
Type of reaction with an alkane and bromine
Substitution
47
Type of reaction with an alkene and bromine
Addition
48
Advantages of using Hydrogen instead of crude oil
- Hydrogen doesnt produce harmful gases - Hydrogen is in infinte supply - Crude oil produces Co2 - contributes to global warming - Crude oil undergoes incomplete combustion - Limited supplies of crude oil
49
Disadvantages of using hydrogen instead of crude oil
- Energy needed to produce hydrogen - Hydrogen needs to be manufactured - Hydrogen is a flammable gas - Hydrogen gas leaks are dangerous
50
Biodegradable
Plastics that can be decomposed/broken down by bacteria
51
what does volatile mean
how easily a substances vapourise/evaporates into a gas
52
what does flammable mean
how easily a substance combusts
53
As chain length increases, what happens to the flammabilty of a substance
decreases
54
As chain length increases, what ahppens to the volatility of a substance
decreases
55
As change length increases, what happens to the viscosity of a substance
viscosity increases
56
What is viscosity
the runniness/thickness of a liquid
57
Why is an alkane a saturated compound
- contains single bonds - no other atoms can be added
58
Why is an alkene a unsaturated compound
- contains double bonds - other atoms can be added

iGCSE Chemistry (16 decks)

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