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iGCSE Chemistry > Organic Chemistry ll > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry ll Flashcards

(64 cards)

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1
Q

What are alcohols?

A

organic molecules containing -OH functional group

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2
Q

Formula for Methanol

A

CH3OH

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3
Q

Formula for ethanol

A

C2H5OH

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4
Q

Formula for Propanol

A

C3H7OH

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5
Q

Formula for Butanol

A

C4H9OH

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6
Q

Ethanol molecular formula

A

C2H6O

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7
Q

Structural formula for ethanol

A

CH3 CH2 OH

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8
Q

What are the two methods to manufacture ethanol

A

Hydration of Ethene

Fermentation of Glucose

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9
Q

What is the hydration of Ethene

A

Ethene gas is mixed with steam

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10
Q

Conditions for Hydration of ethene

A

300 degrees Celsius

65 atm pressure

Phosphoric acid catalyst

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11
Q

What raw material is used in the hydration of ethene

A

Crude oil provides Ethene

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12
Q

Advantages to the hydration of Ethene

A

Makes pure ethanol

Can run continuously

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13
Q

Disadvantages of Hydration of ethene

A

Non renewable raw material used

Conditions require a lot of energy - expensive

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14
Q

What is the fermentation of glucose

A

Glucose is fermented microbiologically

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15
Q

What are the conditions for fermentation of glucose

A

Yeast - provides enzymes

30 degrees Celsius - optimum temp for enzymes

Anaerobic - prevents oxidation

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16
Q

Raw material used in the fermentation of glucose

A

Sugar cane provides the glucose

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17
Q

Advantages of fermentation of glucose

A

Renewable raw material used

Conditions not energy intensive

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18
Q

Disadvantages of glucose fermentation

A

Must be done in individual batches

Makes impure ethanol

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19
Q

What are the three ways ethanol can be oxidised

A

Combustion

Microbial Oxidation

Chemical Oxidation

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20
Q

What is the result of ethanol combustion

A

Non luminous, Blue flame

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21
Q

How does microbial oxidation work

A

Microbes can use oxygen in the air to oxidise ethanol into ethanoic acid

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22
Q

Conditions for microbial oxidation

A

Aerobically - presence of oxygen

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23
Q

Three stages to chemical oxidation

A
  1. Heat It
  2. Add Potassium Dichromate (VI)
  3. Dilute sulfuric acid
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24
Q

What colour change occurs in chemical oxidation

A

Orange to green

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25
What causes the colour change in chemical oxidation
Orange dichromate ions to Green chromium ions
26
Carboxylic acid
An organic molecule containing an -COOH functional group
27
HCOOH
Methanoic Acid
28
CH3COOH
Ethanoic acid
29
C2H5COOH
Propanoic acid
30
C3H7COOH
Butanoic acid
31
what is vinegar
An aqeuous solution of ethanoic acid
32
When does vinegar form
Ethanol in wine undergoes microbial oxidation
33
Why does vinegar taste sour and acrid
the acidity of ethanoic acid
34
if a carboxylic acid loses a h+ ion what is it called e.g ethanol
ethanoic acid --> ethanoate
35
products of carboxylic acid with metal
Salt and hydrogen
36
observations of carboxylic acid with metal
effervesence - hydrogen gas is produced solid disappears - metal is used up in reaction
37
products produced when carboxylic acid reacts with metal carbonate
Salt + water + carbon dioxide
38
Observations of metal carbonate with carboxylic acid
Effervesence - carbon dioxide produced Solid disappears - metal carbonate is used up in the reaction
39
Esters
- carboxylic acid is added to an alcohol - form an ester and water - requires a catalyst e.g sulfuric acid
40
ester functional group
-coo
41
Carboxylic acid + alcohol -->
Ester + water
42
Condesation reaction
Production of water vapour
43
esterfication
production of ester
44
How do you make an ester
1. Mix carboxylic acid and alcohol together 2. Add a few drops of sulfuric acid - catalyst (very corrosive) 3. Tip the mixture into the sodium carbonate solution - neutralises the catalyst 4. Reaction produces carbon dioxide so wait until fizzing has stopped
45
why are esters used in perfumes and food flavouring
volatile compounds with distinctive smell
46
Polyester
A polyester is a type of polymer made by joining monomers together using ester links
47
How do you make a polyester
You mix two types of monomers - Dicarboxylic acid (-COOH at both ends) - Diol (-OH at both ends)
48
What are bipolyesters
Biodegradable polyesters
49
Why are bipolyesters good
Reduce reliance on landfill and incineration to dispose of polymers
50
What happens in a bipolyester
Microbes such as bacteria and fungi can use enzymes t break down the polymer into its monomer (by breaking the ester link) and using them as energy supply
51
Alcohol General Formula
CnH2n+1OH
52
Properties of an Alcohol
- Flammable: undergoes complete combustion which releases lots of energy - Soluble: Dissolves in water to form a solution with a neutral pH - Oxidised to form a carboxylic acid
53
What type of Reaction is Hydration of Ethene
Addition Reaction
54
three uses of ethanol
- It is used as a chemical feedstock to produce other organic compounds - It can be burned to be used as biofuel - It can be used to make alcoholic drinks
55
How are carboxylic acids formed
Alcohols are oxidised to form a carboxylic acid
56
General formula for carboxylic acid
CnH2n+1COOH
57
What happens to carboxylic acid when reacting to form an ester
loses -OH ions
58
What happens to an alcohol when forming an ester
Loses H+ ion
59
Addition Polymers
Lots of monomers (small molecules) are joined together to form a polymer Only occurs with alkenes
60
Condensations form...
Polyesters
61
Condensation polymerisation
- Dicarboxylic acid loses an -OH ion - Diol loses an -H ion - Produces a polyester and water
62
Condensation polymerisation conditions
- two functional groups in each reactant - 2x -OH in the diol - 2x -COOH in the dicarboxylic acid
63
Condensation Polymerisation produces polyesters which are...
Biodegradable
64
Addition Polymerisation produces polymers which....
- are not biodegradable - produce toxic gases when burned

iGCSE Chemistry (16 decks)

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