Organic Chemistry Pathways Flashcards
(19 cards)
How to go from an Alkene to an alkane
Use hydrogen (H2) and a nickel catalyst (Ni)
How to go from an alcohol to an alkene
H3PO4 (phosphoric acid) and heat
How to go from an alkane to a haloalkane
UV radiation and A halogen (e.g// Br2)
How to go from an alkene to a haloalkane
Use HCl/ Br2/ Cl2 and electrophilic addition
How to go from an alkene to an alcohol
Steam and phosphoric acid (H3PO4)
How to go from an alcohol to a haloalkane
Use a sodium halide and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
How to go from a haloalkane to a nitrile
KCN dissolved in ethanol
Reflux
Carboxylic acid + alcohol
What will be formed
What catalyst is required
Forms an ester and water
Uses a concentrated sulphuric acid catalyst (H2SO4)
How to form a carboxylate salt using an ester
Reflux an ester with NaOH
Will form a carboxylate salt and an alcohol
How to make a primary amide
Acyl chloride + ammonia (NH3)
How to make a secondary amide
Acyl chloride + primary amine
Acyl chloride + alcohol
What will be formed
What are the observations
Ester + HCl gase
HCl will produce steamy white fumes
How to form an Acyl chloride
What conditions?
Carboxylic acid + SOCl2 —-> Acyl chloride + SO2 (g) + HCl (g)
RTP
How to go from a Nitrile to a Carboxylic acid
What reagents are required
What is the name of the process
Nitrile + 2H20 + HCl ——> Carboxylic acid + NH4Cl (salt)
Heat
Acid hydrolysis
How to go from a Nitrile to an Amine
What reagents required?
Name of process
Nitrile + 2H2 ———> amine
Ni catalyst
Reduction reaction
How to go from a haloalkane to an amine
NH3 (ammonia) dissolved in excess ethanol
Need heat and pressure
How to go from a haloalkane to an alcohol
Add NaOH
How to form a hydroxynitrile using an aldehyde or ketone
Use KCN or NaCN
With a dilute H2SO4 catalyst
RTP
How to go from an aldehyde/ketone back into an alcohol
What is the mechanism
NaBH4 and water
Nucelophile: H-
Nucleophilic addition
Uses 2[H]
