Organic Chemistry - S.B.P.A.T. Flashcards
(24 cards)
What are Covalent Bonds?
Covalent Bonds are chemical bonds involving sharing of electrons to form electron pairs.
Explain Catenation.
Catenation is a proper of Carbon due to which it forms covalent bonds with other carbon atoms or with atoms of other elements.
Organic Chemistry refers to the study of what?
Organic chemistry mainly refers to the study of organic chemistry.
Who rejected the proposal that organic compounds can’t be formed by man as they’re made by some vital forces of nature? How did he do that?
F.Wohler in 1828 synthesized an organic compound, urea (NH2CONH2) from an inorganic compund known as ammonium cyanate (NH4CNO).
Further, synthesis of acetic acid by Kolbe and formation of methane by Berthelot was also done.
What is Hybridization?u
Forming of hybridised orbitals from merging orbitals of equal energy.
General Formula for Alk-ane,ene and yne?
Alkane - C2H2n+2
Alkene - C2H2n
Alkyne - C2H2n-2
What is Tetravalence Of Carbon?
Tetravalence To achieve a stable electrical state, carbon follows the octet rule and makes four covalent bonds with other atoms. As a result, carbon is tetravalent (meaning its valency is four) and can create four covalent connections with not just other atoms but also other carbon atoms. This is referred to as carbon tetravalency.
What is Tetravalence Of Carbon?
Tetravalence To achieve a stable electrical state, carbon follows the octet rule and makes four covalent bonds with other atoms. As a result, carbon is tetravalent (meaning its valency is four) and can create four covalent connections with not just other atoms but also other carbon atoms. This is referred to as carbon tetravalency.
How does Hybridization influences the Bond Length and Bond Enthalpy in compounds?
Also Electronegativity?
If the sp hybrid orbital has more s character than the orbital is closer to the nucleus meaning it has stronger bonds. Meaning shorter bond length and stronger bond enthalpy than say sp3 orbital.
The sp2 hybrid orbital is intermediate in s character, therefore it’s characteristics are also intermediate.
The change in hybridization effects electronegativity so that the greater the s character, the greater the electronegativity.
Arrange in ascending order of electronegativity:
sp3 orbital, sp orbital, sp2 orbital
sp>sp2>sp3
What is necessary for proper sideways overlap in pi bond formation?
Parallel Orientation of the two p orbitals on adjacent atoms is necessary.
Why is rotation about Carbon-Carbon double bond generally restricted in a compound?
It’s because say for ex. in H2C = CH2 (double bonded):
The rotation of one CH2 fragment with respect to other interferes with maximum overlap of o orbital and hence, such rotation about carbon-carbon double bond is restricted.
Where are the election charge clouds of pi bonds?
The electron charge clouds of pi bonds are available/located above and below the plane of bonding atoms. This results in electrons being easily available to the attacking reagents.
Who provide the most reactive centres in molecules with multiple bonds?
Pi-bonds.
Explain how wedges are used in 3-D representation of organic molecules.
Solid wedge is used to indicate a bond projecting out of the plane of the paper towards the reader.
The dashed wedge is used to represent a bond projecting out of the plane of the paper away from the user.
Bonds lying in the plane of the paper are simply represented by normal lines.
Classification of Organic Compounds (Flow Chart)?
Organic Compounds:
(I)Acyclic/Open Chain/Ring/Aliphatic Compounds.
(II)Cyclic/Closed Chain Compounds.
(II)Cyclic/Closed Chain Compounds:
(a)Alicyclic /Aliphatic Cyclic Compounds.
(b) Aromatic Compounds.
(a)Alicyclic /Aliphatic Cyclic Compounds:
(i)Homocyclic/Carbocyclic
(ii)Heterocyclic
(b) Aromatic Compounds:
(i)Benzenoid Compounds.
(ii)Non-Benzenoid Compounds.
(iii)Heterocyclic Aromatic Compounds.
Define Acyclic Compounds.
Also known as aliphatic compounds, consist of straight or branched chain compounds.
Ex: Isobutane, Acetic Acid, Acetaldehyde.
Explain Alicyclic Compounds.
Define it’s types.
Also known as aliphatic cyclic compounds, contain carbon atoms joined in the form of a ring.
Types:
1)Homocyclic/Carbocyclic: Only Carbon Rings.
Ex: Cyclopropane, Cyclohexane, Cyclohexene
2)Heterocyclic: Rings with Carbon and other elements.
Ex: Tetrahydrofuran.
Define aromatic compounds and it’s types.
Aromatic compounds are special types of compounds having:
1)Benzenoid Compounds
Ex: Benzene,Aniline,Napthalene
2)Non-Benzenoid Compounds
Ex: Tropone
3)Heterocyclic Aromatic Compounds (Aromatic Compounds’ Rings with hetero-atoms)
Ex: Furan, Thiophene, Pyridine
What are Functional Groups?
Functional Groups are a group of atoms/atom joined to the carbon chain which is responsible for the characteristic chemical properties of the organic compounds.
Ex: aldehyde group (-CHO), hydroxyl group (-OH), carboxylic acid group (-COOH)
What are Homologous Series?
A group of series of organic compounds each containing a characteristic functional group forms a homologous series and the members of the series are called homologues.
The members of a homologous series are represented by general formula and the successive members differ from each other in molecular formula by a -CH2 unit.
What are Polyfunctional Compounds?
Compounds containing two or more identical or different functional groups.
In the early days how did IUPAC named compounds? Give ex’s.
They named them based on the name of the inventer/founder of the compound or on the basis of it’s origins.
Ex: C60 Cluster named Buckminsterfullerene named after Buckminster Fuller.
Formic Acid named on the Latin word for ants, formica.
Citrus Acid name on the basis of it’s origin, citrus fruits.
Why can’t benzene be described by a single lewis structure? How was it proved that it can’t be?
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