Organic Chemistry Special Topics

Question 1

Topics covered

Answer 1

Carbohydrates, nucleus acids, amino acids, peptides, proteins, lipids

Question 2

Carbohydrates

Answer 2

Aka saccharides have the general formula of Cn(H2O)m

Question 3

Sugars

Answer 3

Simple carbohydrates

Question 4

Ketoses

Answer 4

Polyhydroxylketones; contain the ketone group

Question 5

Aldoses

Answer 5

Aliphatic Polyhydroxylaldehydes; contain the aldehyde functional group

Question 6

Monosaccharides

Answer 6

Saccharides that cannot be hydrolyzed to simpler structures

Question 7

Disaccharide

Answer 7

Can be hydrolyzed to yield 2 monosaccharides

Question 8

D or L configuration

Answer 8

The configuration of the chiral carbon farthest from the CO group confers to the carbohydrate a sterochemicsl prefix of D or L

Question 9

Epimers

Answer 9

Compounds whose stereochemistry differs at only one carbon

Question 10

Anomers

Answer 10

Diastereomers caused by two possible conformations of a hemiacetal ring

Question 11

Anomeric carbon

Answer 11

The hemiacetal carbon C1

Question 12

Glycoside

Answer 12

Product formed when anomeric carbon reacts with -OH group of an alcohol

Question 13

Polysaccharide

Answer 13

Consist of several monosaccharides liked by glycosidic bonds

Question 14

Oligosaccharides

Answer 14

When polysaccharide contains up to ten monosaccharides

Question 15

RNA (ribonucleic acid)

Answer 15

Contains phosphatesester backbones with two hydroxide on the sugar base

Question 16

DNA (ddeoxyribonucleic acid)

Answer 16

Contains a phosphate water backbone with only one hydroxyl group on the sugar base

Question 17

Ribonucleosides

Answer 17

Building blocks of nucleus acids, which are glycosides of ribofuranose-or ribofuranosides beta, derived from cyclic D-ribose

Question 18

Pyrimidine

Answer 18

Single ring base

Question 19

Purine

Answer 19

Two ring base

Question 20

Ribonucleotides

Answer 20

When ribonucleosides are phosphorylated at their C5 carbon

Question 21

Four common ribonucleotides

Answer 21

Cytidine monophosphate (CMP)
Uridine monophosphate (UMP)
Adenosine monophosphate (AMP)
Guanosine monophosphate (GMP)

Question 22

Four deoxyribonucleosides

Answer 22

Deoxycytidine
Deoxythimidine
Deoxyadenosine
Deoxyguanidine

Question 23

Base pairing

Answer 23

When bases of DNA hydrogen bond with the other bases

Question 24

Zwitter-ions

Answer 24

Diplomat ions like amino acids

Question 25

Isoelectric point

Answer 25

The pH at which the amino acid exists in equilibrium mixture of anionic and cationic forms

Question 26

Peptides

Answer 26

Amino acids linked together

Question 27

Disulfide bridge

Answer 27

Covalent bond formed between two cysteine residues that link together two polypeptide chains

Question 28

N-terminus

Answer 28

First amino acid in the sequence

Question 29

Dalton

Answer 29

A unit of mass equal to the mass of one hydrogen atom

Question 30

Simple proteins

Answer 30

Polypeptide assemblies that hydrolyzed to their constituent amino acid residues

Question 31

Conjugated proteins

Answer 31

Incorporate groups of carbohydrates, lipids, nucleus acids, and various prosthetic groups such as pigments

Question 32

Prosthetic groups

Answer 32

Aka active groups, they are often the site of the main biochemical activity of protein

Question 33

Levels of protein structure

Answer 33

Primary structure Secondary structure Tertiary structure quaternary structure

Question 34

Primary structure

Answer 34

Refer to the covalent assembly or amino acid sequence and the presence of disulfide bridges

Question 35

Secondary structure

Answer 35

Refers to the arrangements adopted by the amino acids sequence; alpha-helix, beta-pleated sheets, random coils

Question 36

Tertiary structure

Answer 36

Represents the complete 3D conformation of the protein and the folding pattern of its secondary structure

Question 37

Quaternary structure

Answer 37

The sum total of the protein assembly, including complication with ligands and inhibitors

Question 38

Simple lipids

Answer 38

Simple hydrocarbon chains that do not hydrolyzed with acidic or basic solvents; terpenes (C5H8)n, steroids, prostaglandins

Question 39

Complex lipids

Answer 39

Are esters of carboxylic acids; they are easy to hydrolyzed to acids and alcohols; include glycerides and waxes

Question 40

Fatty acids

Answer 40

Aka complex lipids; glycerides are the fatty acid seers of glycerol

Question 41

Fats

Answer 41

Triglycerides that are solid at room temperature

Question 42

Oils

Answer 42

Triglycerides that are liquids at room temperature

Question 43

Saturated fatty acid

Answer 43

Fatty acids with no double or triple bonds just plain hydrocarbon chain

Question 44

Unsaturated fatty acids

Answer 44

Fatty acids with double bonds or triple bond in their hydrocarbon chain