organic definitions Flashcards
(175 cards)
1
Q
What is an Acyl Chloride?
A
A molecule containing the functional group -COCl
Acyl chlorides are used to form esters, carboxylic acids, and amides.
2
Q
Define an Aromatic Compound.
A
A compound containing at least one benzene ring.
3
Q
What is the Delocalised Model of Benzene?
A
The p-orbitals of the 6 carbon atoms overlap to form a delocalised π system.
4
Q
What does the term Electron Density refer to?
A
A representation of the probability of finding an electron at a specific point around an atom/molecule.
5
Q
How does the electron density of benzene compare to that of an alkene?
A
Benzene has a lower electron density than an alkene.
6
Q
What are Electron Donating Groups?
A
Groups which donate electrons into the aromatic ring when attached to a carbon in the ring.
7
Q
Give an example of an Electron Donating Group and its directing effects.
A
OH, which is 2- and 4-directing.
8
Q
What are Electron Withdrawing Groups?
A
Groups which pull electron density away from the delocalised π system of benzene.
9
Q
What is the directing effect of NO2 as an Electron Withdrawing Group?
A
3-directing.
10
Q
Define Electrophilic Substitution.
A
A reaction in which an electrophile reacts with another compound to replace an atom/group of atoms.
11
Q
What is a Haloalkane?
A
An organic compound containing a halogen atom (F/Cl/Br/I) bound to an alkyl chain.
12
Q
What is a Halogen Carrier?
A
A Lewis acid that can bind to a halogen molecule, weakening the halogen bond to allow electrophilic attack.
13
Q
What is Kekulé’s Structure of Benzene?
A
A model of benzene with alternating C=C double and C-C single bonds in a hexagonal ring.
14
Q
What is Phenol?
A
A weak acid with an aromatic ring and an OH group attached.
15
Q
What is 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine also known as?
A
Brady’s reagent.
16
Q
What does 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine form in the presence of aldehydes and ketones?
A
An orange precipitate.
17
Q
What is an Aldehyde?
A
A compound containing the -CHO functional group at the end of an alkyl chain.
18
Q
How can Aldehydes be oxidised?
A
Using Cr2O7^2-/H+.
19
Q
Define Carbonyl.
A
The C=O group.
20
Q
What is a Nucleophile?
A
An electron pair donor.
21
Q
What is Nucleophilic Addition?
A
A reaction where an electrophilic π bond reacts with a nucleophile, breaking the π bond and forming new σ bonds.
22
Q
What is the reaction of carbonyl compounds with NaBH4?
A
It forms alcohols.
23
Q
What is Tollens’ Reagent?
A
Ammoniacal silver nitrate, which forms a silver mirror with aldehydes.
24
Q
What is a Bronsted-Lowry Acid?
A
A proton donor.
25
Define Carboxylic Acid.
An organic compound containing the -COOH functional group.
26
What is an Ester?
A compound containing the R-COO-R’ functional group.
27
What is Esterification?
The process of making esters.
28
What is Hydrolysis?
A reaction in which water is used to break down a compound.
29
What does it mean for a compound to be Water Soluble?
It can dissolve in water.
30
What is an Aliphatic Amine?
An amine which only contains straight or branched alkyl chains.
31
What are Amines?
Compounds that contain the NR3 functional group.
32
Define Aromatic Amine.
An amine which contains a benzene ring directly attached to the nitrogen atom.
33
What is an α-Amino Acid?
A compound with the general formula RCH(NH2)COOH.
34
What is a Chiral Centre?
A carbon atom which is bonded to 4 different groups.
35
What is Optical Isomerism?
A type of stereoisomerism with non-superimposable mirror images.
36
What is a Primary Amide?
An organic compound containing the functional group RNH2.
37
Define Secondary Amide.
An organic compound containing the functional group R2NH.
38
What is Addition Polymerisation?
The formation of a long chain molecule when many monomers join together.
39
What is Amide Hydrolysis?
The hydrolysis of amides under acidic or alkaline conditions.
40
What is Condensation Polymerisation?
A long chain molecule formed when monomers react with the release of small molecules.
41
What is a Monomer?
A small molecule used to form polymers.
42
Define Polymer.
A large molecule made from many small units that have been bonded together.
43
What is a Repeat Unit?
A structure within a polymer that appears repeatedly.
44
What is Acylation?
A reaction to form substituted aromatic compounds using an acyl chloride.
45
What is Acid Hydrolysis?
The breakdown of a compound using aqueous acid.
46
Define Alkylation.
A reaction to form substituted aromatic compounds using a haloalkane.
47
What are Friedel-Crafts Reactions?
Reactions developed to attach substituents to an aromatic ring.
48
What is a Nitrile?
An organic compound containing a -C≡N group.
49
What is Reduction?
Gain of electrons or decrease in oxidation number.
50
What is Distillation?
A technique where a liquid is heated, and the vapor is cooled and collected.
51
What is Filtration Under Reduced Pressure?
A technique used to separate and dry an organic solid.
52
What is a Functional Group?
A group of atoms responsible for the characteristic reactions of a compound.
53
What is Recrystallisation?
A technique used to purify an organic solid.
54
Define Reflux.
The continual boiling and condensing of a reaction mixture.
55
What is a Synthetic Route?
A series of steps followed to make a specific compound.
56
What is Chromatography?
A technique used to separate and identify components in a mixture.
57
What is Gas Chromatography?
A type of chromatography where a gas is passed through a column under pressure.
58
What is a Mobile Phase in chromatography?
A substance that moves through the chromatography system to separate the mixture.
59
What is the test for haloalkanes?
Reaction with aqueous silver nitrate in ethanol.
60
What is the Rf value in TLC?
The ratio of the distance traveled by the compound to the distance traveled by the solvent front.
61
What happens when secondary alcohol is oxidised with acidified dichromate?
Causes a colour change from orange to green
## Footnote
This is a key reaction in organic chemistry to identify secondary alcohols.
62
Define qualitative analysis in chemistry.
Techniques used to identify whether or not an element, functional group, or ion is present in a sample
63
What is retention time in gas chromatography (GC)?
The time taken for a sample to travel from the inlet to the detector
64
How is the Rf value calculated in thin layer chromatography (TLC)?
Rf = distance moved by substance ÷ distance moved by solvent
65
What is a secondary alcohol?
An organic compound with the general formula R2CHOH
66
What is the stationary phase in chromatography?
A substance through which the mobile phase moves, typically a solid
67
Describe thin layer chromatography (TLC).
A type of chromatography using a plate coated with a solid and a solvent moving up the plate
68
What does Carbon-13 NMR Spectroscopy analyze?
13C nuclei
69
What does the number of peaks in a carbon-13 NMR spectrum indicate?
The number of different environments present
70
What is a chemical shift in NMR spectroscopy?
The shift of a carbon or proton environment relative to standard (TMS)
71
Define coupling in NMR spectroscopy.
Interaction between adjacent non-equivalent protons
72
What is D2O exchange used for in NMR spectroscopy?
To identify peaks caused by O-H and N-H protons
73
What is a deuterated solvent?
A solvent in which all hydrogen atoms have been replaced by deuterium
74
What does a doublet indicate in a 1H NMR spectrum?
A signal made up of 2 peaks, indicating 1 adjacent non-equivalent proton
75
What is elemental analysis?
Analyzing a sample to determine the proportion of elements in a compound
76
What is meant by 'environment' in NMR spectroscopy?
The atoms/groups adjacent to a hydrogen/carbon atom
77
Define equivalent protons.
Protons that are in the same environment
78
What is IR spectroscopy used for?
To identify particular bonds and functional groups within a molecule
79
What does mass spectroscopy measure?
The mass to charge ratio to identify compounds and determine relative molecular mass
80
What is the n+1 rule in NMR spectroscopy?
A proton with n adjacent non-equivalent protons will have a signal made up of n+1 peaks
81
What is Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)?
A technique that uses absorption of electromagnetic radiation by a nucleus in an external magnetic field
82
What does Proton NMR Spectroscopy analyze?
1H nuclei
83
What information does the integration trace in a proton NMR spectrum provide?
The relative number of protons in each environment
84
What does a quartet indicate in a 1H NMR spectrum?
A signal made up of 4 peaks, indicating 3 adjacent non-equivalent protons
85
What is spin-spin splitting in NMR?
An interaction between adjacent non-equivalent protons causing signal splitting
86
What is tetramethylsilane (TMS) used for in NMR spectroscopy?
The standard for chemical shift measurement
87
What does a triplet indicate in a 1H NMR spectrum?
A signal made up of 3 peaks, indicating 2 adjacent non-equivalent protons
88
89
What is an Acyl Chloride?
A molecule containing the functional group -COCl
## Footnote
Acyl chlorides are used to form esters, carboxylic acids, and amides.
90
Define an Aromatic Compound.
A compound containing at least one benzene ring.
91
What is the Delocalised Model of Benzene?
The p-orbitals of the 6 carbon atoms overlap to form a delocalised π system.
92
What does the term Electron Density refer to?
A representation of the probability of finding an electron at a specific point around an atom/molecule.
93
How does the electron density of benzene compare to that of an alkene?
Benzene has a lower electron density than an alkene.
94
What are Electron Donating Groups?
Groups which donate electrons into the aromatic ring when attached to a carbon in the ring.
95
Give an example of an Electron Donating Group and its directing effects.
OH, which is 2- and 4-directing.
96
What are Electron Withdrawing Groups?
Groups which pull electron density away from the delocalised π system of benzene.
97
What is the directing effect of NO2 as an Electron Withdrawing Group?
3-directing.
98
Define Electrophilic Substitution.
A reaction in which an electrophile reacts with another compound to replace an atom/group of atoms.
99
What is a Haloalkane?
An organic compound containing a halogen atom (F/Cl/Br/I) bound to an alkyl chain.
100
What is a Halogen Carrier?
A Lewis acid that can bind to a halogen molecule, weakening the halogen bond to allow electrophilic attack.
101
What is Kekulé’s Structure of Benzene?
A model of benzene with alternating C=C double and C-C single bonds in a hexagonal ring.
102
What is Phenol?
A weak acid with an aromatic ring and an OH group attached.
103
What is 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine also known as?
Brady’s reagent.
104
What does 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine form in the presence of aldehydes and ketones?
An orange precipitate.
105
What is an Aldehyde?
A compound containing the -CHO functional group at the end of an alkyl chain.
106
How can Aldehydes be oxidised?
Using Cr2O7^2-/H+.
107
Define Carbonyl.
The C=O group.
108
What is a Nucleophile?
An electron pair donor.
109
What is Nucleophilic Addition?
A reaction where an electrophilic π bond reacts with a nucleophile, breaking the π bond and forming new σ bonds.
110
What is the reaction of carbonyl compounds with NaBH4?
It forms alcohols.
111
What is Tollens’ Reagent?
Ammoniacal silver nitrate, which forms a silver mirror with aldehydes.
112
What is a Bronsted-Lowry Acid?
A proton donor.
113
Define Carboxylic Acid.
An organic compound containing the -COOH functional group.
114
What is an Ester?
A compound containing the R-COO-R’ functional group.
115
What is Esterification?
The process of making esters.
116
What is Hydrolysis?
A reaction in which water is used to break down a compound.
117
What does it mean for a compound to be Water Soluble?
It can dissolve in water.
118
What is an Aliphatic Amine?
An amine which only contains straight or branched alkyl chains.
119
What are Amines?
Compounds that contain the NR3 functional group.
120
Define Aromatic Amine.
An amine which contains a benzene ring directly attached to the nitrogen atom.
121
What is an α-Amino Acid?
A compound with the general formula RCH(NH2)COOH.
122
What is a Chiral Centre?
A carbon atom which is bonded to 4 different groups.
123
What is Optical Isomerism?
A type of stereoisomerism with non-superimposable mirror images.
124
What is a Primary Amide?
An organic compound containing the functional group RNH2.
125
Define Secondary Amide.
An organic compound containing the functional group R2NH.
126
What is Addition Polymerisation?
The formation of a long chain molecule when many monomers join together.
127
What is Amide Hydrolysis?
The hydrolysis of amides under acidic or alkaline conditions.
128
What is Condensation Polymerisation?
A long chain molecule formed when monomers react with the release of small molecules.
129
What is a Monomer?
A small molecule used to form polymers.
130
Define Polymer.
A large molecule made from many small units that have been bonded together.
131
What is a Repeat Unit?
A structure within a polymer that appears repeatedly.
132
What is Acylation?
A reaction to form substituted aromatic compounds using an acyl chloride.
133
What is Acid Hydrolysis?
The breakdown of a compound using aqueous acid.
134
Define Alkylation.
A reaction to form substituted aromatic compounds using a haloalkane.
135
What are Friedel-Crafts Reactions?
Reactions developed to attach substituents to an aromatic ring.
136
What is a Nitrile?
An organic compound containing a -C≡N group.
137
What is Reduction?
Gain of electrons or decrease in oxidation number.
138
What is Distillation?
A technique where a liquid is heated, and the vapor is cooled and collected.
139
What is Filtration Under Reduced Pressure?
A technique used to separate and dry an organic solid.
140
What is a Functional Group?
A group of atoms responsible for the characteristic reactions of a compound.
141
What is Recrystallisation?
A technique used to purify an organic solid.
142
Define Reflux.
The continual boiling and condensing of a reaction mixture.
143
What is a Synthetic Route?
A series of steps followed to make a specific compound.
144
What is Chromatography?
A technique used to separate and identify components in a mixture.
145
What is Gas Chromatography?
A type of chromatography where a gas is passed through a column under pressure.
146
What is a Mobile Phase in chromatography?
A substance that moves through the chromatography system to separate the mixture.
147
What is the test for haloalkanes?
Reaction with aqueous silver nitrate in ethanol.
148
What is the Rf value in TLC?
The ratio of the distance traveled by the compound to the distance traveled by the solvent front.
149
What happens when secondary alcohol is oxidised with acidified dichromate?
Causes a colour change from orange to green
## Footnote
This is a key reaction in organic chemistry to identify secondary alcohols.
150
Define qualitative analysis in chemistry.
Techniques used to identify whether or not an element, functional group, or ion is present in a sample
151
What is retention time in gas chromatography (GC)?
The time taken for a sample to travel from the inlet to the detector
152
How is the Rf value calculated in thin layer chromatography (TLC)?
Rf = distance moved by substance ÷ distance moved by solvent
153
What is a secondary alcohol?
An organic compound with the general formula R2CHOH
154
What is the stationary phase in chromatography?
A substance through which the mobile phase moves, typically a solid
155
Describe thin layer chromatography (TLC).
A type of chromatography using a plate coated with a solid and a solvent moving up the plate
156
What does Carbon-13 NMR Spectroscopy analyze?
13C nuclei
157
What does the number of peaks in a carbon-13 NMR spectrum indicate?
The number of different environments present
158
What is a chemical shift in NMR spectroscopy?
The shift of a carbon or proton environment relative to standard (TMS)
159
Define coupling in NMR spectroscopy.
Interaction between adjacent non-equivalent protons
160
What is D2O exchange used for in NMR spectroscopy?
To identify peaks caused by O-H and N-H protons
161
What is a deuterated solvent?
A solvent in which all hydrogen atoms have been replaced by deuterium
162
What does a doublet indicate in a 1H NMR spectrum?
A signal made up of 2 peaks, indicating 1 adjacent non-equivalent proton
163
What is elemental analysis?
Analyzing a sample to determine the proportion of elements in a compound
164
What is meant by 'environment' in NMR spectroscopy?
The atoms/groups adjacent to a hydrogen/carbon atom
165
Define equivalent protons.
Protons that are in the same environment
166
What is IR spectroscopy used for?
To identify particular bonds and functional groups within a molecule
167
What does mass spectroscopy measure?
The mass to charge ratio to identify compounds and determine relative molecular mass
168
What is the n+1 rule in NMR spectroscopy?
A proton with n adjacent non-equivalent protons will have a signal made up of n+1 peaks
169
What is Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)?
A technique that uses absorption of electromagnetic radiation by a nucleus in an external magnetic field
170
What does Proton NMR Spectroscopy analyze?
1H nuclei
171
What information does the integration trace in a proton NMR spectrum provide?
The relative number of protons in each environment
172
What does a quartet indicate in a 1H NMR spectrum?
A signal made up of 4 peaks, indicating 3 adjacent non-equivalent protons
173
What is spin-spin splitting in NMR?
An interaction between adjacent non-equivalent protons causing signal splitting
174
What is tetramethylsilane (TMS) used for in NMR spectroscopy?
The standard for chemical shift measurement
175
What does a triplet indicate in a 1H NMR spectrum?
A signal made up of 3 peaks, indicating 2 adjacent non-equivalent protons
