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AS CHEMISTRY > ORGANIC INTRODUCTION > Flashcards

ORGANIC INTRODUCTION Flashcards

(50 cards)

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1
Q

Define a hydrocarbon

A

A compound consisting of hydrogen and carbon only

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2
Q

Define saturated

A

Contains single C-C bonds only

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3
Q

Define unsaturated

A

Contains at least one C=C double bond

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4
Q

Define molecular formula

A

The formula showing the actual number and each type of atom

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5
Q

Define empirical formula

A

Shows the simplest whole number ratio of sons of each element in the compound

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6
Q

Define general formula

A

Algebraic formula for a homologous series

EG CnH2n (alkenes)

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7
Q

Define structural formula

A

Shows the minimal detail that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule

EG CH3CH2CH2CH3 or CH3(CH2)2CH3 (butane)

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8
Q

Define skeletal formula

A

Shows the simplified organic formula shown by removing hydrogen atoms from alkyl chains leaving just a carbon skeleton and associated functional groups

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9
Q

Define homologous series

A

Families of organic compounds with the same functional group and same general formula

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10
Q

What properties does a homologous series have?

A

Shows a gradual change in physical properties
Differs by CH2 from the last
Same chemical properties

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11
Q

Define functional group

A

An atom or group of atoms which when present in different molecules causes them to have similar chemical properties

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12
Q

Alkane functional group

A

C-C

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13
Q

Alkene functional group

A

C=C

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14
Q

Alcohol functional group

A

C-OH

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15
Q

Halogenalkane functional group

A

C-(halogen)

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16
Q

Aldehyde functional group

A

O
||
C=H

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17
Q

Ketone functional group

A

O
||
C

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18
Q

Carboxylic acid functional group

A

O
||
C=OH

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19
Q

Ester functional group

A

O
||
C-O-

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20
Q

Name this functional group and its prefix/suffix

C-C

A

Alkane

-Ane

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21
Q

Name this functional group and its prefix/suffix

C=C

22
Q

Name this functional group and its prefix/suffix

C-OH

Study These Flashcards
A

Alcohol

-ol
Hydroxy-

23
Q

Name this functional group and its prefix/suffix

C-(halogen)

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A

Halogenalkanes

Choro-
Bromo-
Iodo-

24
Q

Name this functional group and its prefix/suffix

O
||
C-H

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A

Aldehydes

-al
Formyl-

25
Name this functional group and its prefix/suffix O || C
Ketones | -one Oxo-
26
Name this functional group and its prefix/suffix O || C-OH
Carboxylic acids -oic acid
27
Name this functional group and its prefix/suffix O || C=O-
Ester -yl-oate
28
What are the general rules for naming carbon chains?
Count the longest carbon chain and name appropriately Find any branched chains and count how many carbons they contain Add the appropriate prefix for each branch chain
29
What are the basic rules for naming functional groups when using a suffix
If it starts with a vowel remove the e from the alkane name If it starts with a consonant or there are two or more of a functional group meaning; do or tru needs to be used and DO NOT remove the e
30
What are the basic rules for naming functional groups when numbering
The position of the functional group is given the number of the carbon atom Aldehydes, carboxylic acids and nitriles are always on carbon 1 Numbers aren't used on non ambiguous molecules Functional group is numbered before a branched chain
31
What are the basic rules for naming functional groups when using punctuation
Two or more of the same groups are suffixed di, tri, tetra, penta or hexa Words are separated by numbers with dashes Numbers are separated by commas If there is more than one functional group or branch the groups are listed alphabetically (ignoring di, tri etc:)
32
What are the basic rules for naming halogenoalkanes
Class the halogen as a substitute by on the c chain Use the appropriate prefix (fluoro chloro bromo or iodo) Give the position number if necessary
33
What are the basic rules for naming alcohols
Use the suffix ol with the position number between the halogen and suffix If the compound has an OH group the prefix hydroxy is used instead If there is more than on OH group then e is added to the name stem
34
What are the basic rules for naming aldehydes
Use the suffix al The functional group is always on carbon 1 Therefor no number is used
35
What are the basic rules for naming ketones?
-one suffix Ketones with more than 4 carbons need positional numbers If there are two ketone groups: Di is placed before the one suffix And e is added to the stem
36
What are the basic rules for naming carboxylic acids
Suffix -oic acid No position numbers Must always be at the end of a chain Numbering starts at the carboxylic acid end Two carboxylic acids is a dioic acid
37
What are the basic rules for naming esters
Suffix of -yl Next to single bonded oxygen -anoate The chain continuing the C=O bond
38
Define homolytic fission
The breaking of a covalent bond where each atom gets one electron creating two free radicals
39
Define free radical
A reactive species which possesses an unpaired electron
40
Define heterolytic fission
The breaking of a covalent bond where one atom get both electrons forming two ions
41
Define structural isomer
Same molecular formula different structurest
42
What can structural isomerism arise from?
Chain isomerism Position isomerism Functional group isomerism
43
Define chain isomer
Compounds with the same molecular formula but different carbon skeleton structures
44
Define position isomer
Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures due to different positions of the same functional group on the same carbon skeleton
45
Define functional group isomer
Compounds with the same molecular formula but with atoms arrange to give different functional groups
46
Define stereoisomer
Compounds with the same structural formulae but a different spatial arrangement of atoms
47
When do E-Z isomers arise?
When there is restricted rotation around a C=C bond When there are two different groups/atoms attached to both ends of the double bond
48
Define priority group
The atom with the bigger atomic number
49
Outline the steps for naming E-Z isomers
Determine the priority groups in both sides of the double bond If the priority atoms are on the same side label Z If the priority atoms are on opposite sides label E
50
Outline the CIP priority rules
A higher atomic number receives higher priority If there is a tie consider groups attached to groups of the double bond At the earliest difference A higher atomic number receivers higher priority

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