Organic Mechanisms Flashcards
(18 cards)
What is the mechanism that turns an alkane into a halogenoalkene?
Free radical substitution
What is the reagent and condition for free radical substitution?
Reagent : halogen (Cl2)
Condition : UV/sunlight
What happens in the steps for free radical substitution?
Halogen turns into 2 radical molecules
The alkane and radical react to make an alkane radical with one less H and a Halogen hydride
The radical reacts with Cl2 to form the halogenoalkane and a Cl radical
What mechanism turns a halogenoalkane into an alkene?
Elimination reaction
What happens in an elimination reaction for halogenoalkane to alkene?
What are the products?
Hydroxide ion attracted to a H, electrons from C-H move to C-C
Creates an alkene, H2O and negative bromine ion
What is the mechanism that turns an alkene into a halogenoalkane?
Electrophilic addition
What happens in the electrophilic addition turning alkene into a halogenoalkane?
Double bond attracted to delta H+ of HCl
Creates an alkane with one less hydrogen (one positive charge under a carbon)
Positive chlorine ion attracted to the positive charge and the halogenoalkane forms
What are the conditions for an elimination of a halogenoalkane into an alkene?
KOH/ethanol and reflux
What mechanisms turns a halogenoalkene into a nitrile, amine or alcohol?
Nucleophilic substitution
Outline the nucleophilic substitution of a halogenoalkane into a nitrile
Cyanide (C with lone pair, triple bond N)attracted to the carbon attached to halogen
Forms a nitrile with a C triple bonded to N and a halogen ion with lone pair of electrons
Outline the nucleophilic substitution of a halogenoalkane to an amine
NH3 lone pair on N attracted to carbon attached to halogen
NH3 replaces the halogen (N is positive)
Another NH3 Is attracted to the H attached to positive N
H taken away leaving an amine, NH4+ and halogen
Outline the nucleophilic substitution of a halogenoalkane to an alcohol
Hydroxide attracted to carbon attached to halogen
Forms an alcohol and halogen
What are the conditions and reagent needed for the nucleophilic substitution to make a nitrile?
Reagent cyanide CN-
Conditions halogenoalkane in ethanol
What are the conditions and reagent needed for the nucleophilic substitution to make an amine?
Reagent NaOH/KOH
Conditions concentrated excess of NH3
What are the conditions and reagent needed for the nucleophilic substitution to make an alcohol?
Reagent NaOH/KOH
Conditions warm aqueous solution
What mechanism turns an alkene into an alcohol?
Electrophilic addition
Outline the electrophilic addition of an alkene to an alcohol
Alkene double C bond attracted to H-
Forms alkene with C+ and one less H
H2O lone pair on O attracted to C+ and forms alkane with H2O attached
H in H2O give electron to O and goes forming an alcohol an H+
What are the conditions and reagent for the electrophilic addition of an alkene to an alcohol?
Reagent steam H2O
Conditions H3PO4 catalyst, 300 degrees Celsius and 60atm pressure
