Organic reactions Flashcards
(113 cards)
1
Q
What are the conditions when reacting an alkane and halogen
A
UV light
2
Q
What is the type of reaction that occurs between an alkane and a halogen
A
Radical substitution
3
Q
What are the conditions when reacting an alkene and hydrogen
A
Ni or Pt catalyst
4
Q
What is the type of reaction that occurs between an alkene and hydrogen
A
Addition
5
Q
What type of reaction occurs between an alkene and a halogen
A
Electrophilic addition
6
Q
When an alkene reacts with bromine, what is the observation
A
Bromine is decolourised
7
Q
What type of reaction occurs when an alkene and hydrogen halide react
A
Electrophilic addition
8
Q
What are the conditions when an alkene and water react
A
Phosphoric acid catalyst
Steam
9
Q
What is produced when an alkene reacts with water
A
An alcohol
10
Q
What type of reaction occurs when an alkene reacts with water
A
Electrophilic addition
11
Q
What type of polymerisation occurs to alkenes
A
Addition polymerisation
12
Q
What are the conditions when alcohols are dehydrated
A
Heat
Concentrated sulfuric acid
13
Q
What are the products of the dehydration of an alcohol
A
- Alkene
- Water
14
Q
What are the conditions when oxidising a primary alcohol to an aldehyde
A
- Heat
- Aqueous acidified potassium dichromate
- Distill
15
Q
What is the colour change observed when an alcohol is oxidised using potassium dichromate
A
Orange to green
16
Q
What are the conditions when oxidising a primary alcohol to a carboxylic acid
A
- Heat
- Reflux
- Aqueous acidified potassium dichromate
17
Q
What are the conditions when oxidising a secondary alcohol to a ketone
A
- Heat
- Reflux
- Aqueous acidified potassium dichromate
18
Q
What are the products when an alcohol and hydrogen halide react
A
- Haloalkane
- Water
19
Q
What 2 things are needed to react an alcohol and hydrogen halide together
A
- Concentrated sulfuric acid
- Sodium halide
20
Q
What type of reaction occurs between a haloalkane and aqueous alkali
A
Nucleophilic subsitution
21
Q
What are the conditions needed when reacting haloalkane to produce an alcohol
A
- Heat
- Aqueous sodium hydroxide
22
Q
What is produced when a haloalkane and water react
A
Alcohol
23
Q
What are the conditions when a haloalkane and water react
A
- Heat with water
24
Q
What is produced when haloalkane and ammonia react
A
- Primary amine
- Hydrogen halide
25
What are the conditions when forming an amine from haloalkane and ammonia
- Heat
- Excess ammonia
- Dissolved in ethanol
26
What is produced when a primary amine and a haloalkane react
- Secondary amine
- Hydrogen halide
27
What are the conditions when forming a secondary amine from a primary amine and haloalkane
- Heat
- Excess amine
- Dissolved in ethanol
28
What type of reaction occurs between haloalkane and ammonia
Nucleophilic substitution
29
What type of reaction occurs between haloalkane and primary amine
Nucleophilic substitution
30
What is the immediate product of the reaction between haloalkane and primary amine/ ammonia
Amine salt
31
What is added to the amine salt to form the free amine
Aqueous alkali e.g. NaOH
32
What is produced when reacting a haloalkane and sodium cyanide
Nitrile
33
What are the conditions when reacting a haloalkane and sodium cyanide
- Sodium cyanide dissolved in ethanol
34
What type of reaction occurs when nitrating an aromatic ring
Electrophilic substitution
35
What are the conditions needed to nitrate an aromatic ring
- Concentrated nitric acid
- Concentrated sulfuric acid
36
What type of reaction occurs when halogenating an aromatic ring
Electrophilic substitution
37
What are the conditions needed when halogenating an aromatic ring
Halogen carrier e.g FeX3
38
What type of reaction occurs when Friedel-Crafts Alkylation of an aromatic ring occurs
Electrophilic substitition
39
What are the conditions needed when Friedel-Crafts Alkylation of an aromatic ring
Halogen carrier e.g. FeX3
40
What is formed after the Friedel-Crafts Acylation of an aromatic ring occurs
Ketone
41
What are the conditions needed to acylation an aromatic ring
Halogen carrier e.g. FeX3
42
Why doesn't phenol reaction with carbonate
Too weakly acidic
43
What is the observation when phenol reacts with aqueous bromine
- Bromine decolourised
- White precipitates forms
44
When phenol reacts with bromine, what positions on the ring are bromine places
- 2,4,6
45
What type of reaction occurs between phenol and acyl chloride
Condensation reaction
46
What is the observation when 2,4-DNP reacts with a carbonyl
Orange or yellow precipitate
47
How do you identify the carbonyl after reacting it with 2,4-DNP
- Collect precipitate
- Recrystallise
- Measure melting point and compare with database to identify specific carbonyl
48
What are the conditions to identify an aldehyde
Warm with Tollens reagent
49
What is the observation when an aldehyde reacts with Tollens reagent
Silver mirror
50
What is the product when an aldehyde reacts with Tollens reagent
Carboxylic acid forms
51
In the silver mirror test, what is reduced
Silver ions
52
What is the reagent needed to reduce a ketone or aldehyde back to alcohol
NaBH4 , sodium tetrahydridoborate
53
What are the conditions needed to reduce a ketone or aldehyde back to alcohol
- NaBH4
- Aqueous solution
54
What is the product when an aldehyde reacts with acidified aqueous sodium cyanide
Hydroxynitrile
55
What are the conditions when a carbonyl reacts with acidified aqueous sodium cyanide
- NaCN
- Dilute HCl
56
What are the general products:
carboxylic acid + metal
Salt
Hydrogen
57
What are the general products
carboxylic acid + carbonate
- Salt
- carbon dioxide
- Water
58
What are the general products
Carboxylic acid + alkalis
- Salt
- Water
59
What are the general products
Carboxylic acid + ammonia
Ammonium salt
60
What is formed when a carboxylic acid reacts with an alcohol
Ester
61
What are the conditions to produce an ester from an alcohol and carboxylic acid
- concentrated sulfuric acid catalyst
- Heat under reflux
62
What type of reaction occurs between an alcohol and carboxylic acid to produce an ester
Condensation
63
What is produced when a carboxylic acid reacts with amine
An amide
64
What type of reaction occurs when a carboxylic acid reacts with an amine to produce an amide
Condensation
65
What needs to be absent when an amide is produced from a carboxylic acid and amine
Water
66
What is more commonly used to produce an amide by reacting it with an amine
An acyl chloride rather than a carboxylic acid
67
What is produced when a carboxylic acid reacts with thionyl chloride (SOCl2)
- Acyl chloride
- SO2
- HCl
68
What is produced when an acid anhydride reacts with an alcohol
Ester
69
What are the conditions when reacting an acid anhydride with an alcohol
Warm
70
Acid anhydride + Alcohol
- Ester
- Carboxylic acid
71
Acyl chloride + Alcohol
- Ester
- HCl
72
What are the conditions when an acyl chloride reacts with an alcohol
Room temperature
73
Acyl chloride + Water
- Carboxylic acid
- HCl
74
Acyl chloride + ammonia
- Primary amide
- HCl
75
Acyl chloride + amine
- Secondary amide
- HCl
76
What are the products of the acid hydrolysis of an ester
- Carboxylic acid
- Alcohol
77
Conditions needed when hydrolysing an ester via acid hydrolysis
- Heat under reflux
- With aqueous acid
78
What are the products of the base hydrolysis of an ester
- Carboxylate salt
- Alcohol
79
Conditions needed when hydrolysing an ester via base hydrolysis
- Heat under reflux
- With aqueous alkali
80
What are the 2 reactions that produce primary amines
- Haloalkane + ammonia
- Reduction of a nitrile
81
What reaction produces secondary amine
Primary amine + haloalkane
82
What are the conditions needed to reduce nitrobenzene to a phenylamine
- Heat under reflux
- With Tin (Sn)
- Concentrated HCl
83
What is initially formed when nitrobenzene is reduced using tin and conc HCl
- NH3+ salt
84
What is added to the benzene ring with -NH3+ salt, to free the amine
NaOH
85
Amine + Water
- NH3+
- OH-
86
Are amines weak or strong bases
Weak
87
Amine + Acid
Ammonium Salt
88
What is produced when amine + acyl chloride react
Secondary amide
89
Amino acid + acid
Amino acid salt
90
Amino acid + alkali
- Amino acid salt
- Water
91
Amino acid + alcohol
- Amino acid ester
- Water
92
What are the conditions needed to react an amino acid with alcohol
- Heat
- concentrated sulfuric acid catalyst
93
What 2 reactions form nitriles
- Haloalkane + NaCN
- Carbonyl + acidified NaCN
94
Why are nitriles so important
To extend the carbon framework of a molecule
95
What are the products of the hydrolysis of a nitrile
- Carboxylic acid
- Ammonium ion
96
What are the conditions for the hydrolysis of a nitrile
- Reflux
- Aqueous HCl
97
What is produced when nitriles are reduced
Primary amine
98
What are the conditions needed to reduce a nitrile
- Heat
- Hydrogen gas
- Pt catalyst
99
What are the conditions needed to hydrolyse a polyester under acidic conditions
- Aqueous HCl
- Heat under reflux
100
What are the products of the hydrolysis of a polyester under acidic conditions
- Dicarboxylic acid
- Diol
101
What are the conditions needed to hydrolyse a polyester under alkali conditons
- Aqueous NaOH
- Heat under reflux
102
What are the products of the alkali hydrolysis of a polyester
- Carboxylate salt
103
What are the conditions of the acidic hydrolysis of a polyamide
- Aqueous HCl
- Heat under reflux
104
What are the products of the acidic hydrolysis of polyamides
- Dicarboxylic acids
- Diamine salt -NH3+
105
What are the conditions of the alkali hydrolysis of a polyamide
- Aqueous NaOH
- Heat under reflux
106
What are the products of the alkali hydrolysis of polyamides
- Dicarboxylate salt
- Diamine
107
What is formed when 2 molecules of carboxylic acids are heated together
- Acid anhydride
- Water
108
Acid Anhydride + water
Carboxylic acids
109
Acid anhydride + alcohol
- Ester
- Carboxylic acids
110
Acid anhydride + ammonia
- Amide
- Carboxylic acid
111
What nucleophilic addition reaction makes c-c bonds
- Cyanide and carbonyl
112
What nucleophilic substitution reaction makes c-c bonds
Cyanide and haloalkane
113
What are the 2 electrophilic substitution reactions that make c-c bonds
- Haloalkane, benzene and halogen carrier
- Acyl chloride, benzene and halogen carrier
