Organics Definitions Flashcards
(24 cards)
Unsaturated compound
A compound with multiple bonds between carbon atoms, and is capable of undergoing addition reactions.
e.g. c=c
Saturated compound
A compound with no double or triple bonding between carbon atoms i.e. only c-c single bonds
Functional group
A site on an organic compound where we would expect reactions to take place. e.g. carboxylic acids…..
Homologous series
A group or family of compounds all having the same functional group.
Emulsion
a material consisting of a mixture of liquids that do not dissolve in each other and having droplets of one liquid scattered throughout the other. E.g. an emulsion of oil in water.
Immiscibility
Two substances that don’t mix (don’t achieve homogeneity). E.g. oil and water.
Miscibility
Two substances that combine (or mix) to form a homogenous solution without precipitates.
coalesce
two things come together to form one mass or whole.
Homogenous
The term “homogenous” is made up of two words homo means “same” and genos means “kind”. Homogenous substance or mixture is having the same properties and chemical composition.
Heterogenous
Different in kind. A heterogeneous mixture is a mixture in which the composition is not uniform throughout the mixture. E.g. a process involving substances in different phases (solid, liquid, or gaseous).
Precipitate
A precipitate is an insoluble solid that emerges from a liquid solution. The emergence of the insoluble solid from solution is called precipitation.
Define a polymer
Polymers are giant molecules made up of large numbers of simple repeating units, called monomers, linked together by covalent bonds.
Define Polymerisation
Polymerisation is the process of forming polymers, and there are two basic ways that polymerisation can occur:
- Addition Polymerisation
- Condensation Polymerisation
Define constitutional (structural) isomers
Structural isomers are molecules that have the same molecular formula (e.g. C4H10) but have a different spatial arrangement of those atoms. Structural isomers have normal carbon chains, but different positions of side groups and branches.
Define the term
condensation polymer
A condensation polymer is a long chain molecule (polymer) formed when many smaller molecules (monomers) join together, and during that joining process, a small molecule (like H2O or HCL) is released.
Examples of condensation polymers are:
- Polyesters (like the fabric in some clothes).
- Polyamides (like nylon)
- Proteins (which are super important in our bodies!)
R =
R’ =
R= carbon place holder
R’= Distinguishers between other R’s (carbons).
Racemic mixture
An equimolar amount of the two optical isomers that won’t rotate the plane polarised light.
Nucleophile x nucleophilic substitution
- A Nucleophile is a positive charge loving species. As they’re attracted to the opposite, Nucleophiles themselves are either negatively charged ions or have a lone pair of electrons.
- Nucleophilic substitution: In reactions of haloalkanes the C-X bond (carbon and halogen bond) is polar, and the C atom has a slightly positive charge. Nucleophiles attack this positive charge, substituting a negative ion (e.g. OH-) for the halogen atom.
Polar Liquids:
Polar liquids, like water itself, have an UNEVEN distribution of electrical charge. This means one end of the molecule is slightly positive, while the other end is slightly negative. Polar molecules are asymmetric, either containing lone pairs of electrons on a central atom or having atoms with different electronegativities bonded.
Examples include: alcohols (like ethanol), and vinegar
Non-polar liquids:
Non-polar liquids have an EVEN distribution of electrical charge. Nonpolar compounds will be symmetric, meaning all of the sides around the central atom are identical - bonded to the same element with no unshared pairs of electrons.
Examples include: oils (like vegetable oil), and gasoline
VSEPR theory
Valence shell electron pair repulsion theory is a model used in chemistry to predict the geometry of individual molecules from the number of electron pairs surrounding their central atoms.
Peptides (amide link)
Peptides are linked amino acids (amino acid monomers), basically polyamides.
Therefore, peptides are made out of amino acid monomers. But are formed through hydrolysis.
When a formed peptide (linked amino acid monomers) undergoes condensation polymerisation it creates proteins, dipeptides, and tripeptides.
Because amino acids themselves are difunctional (contain an acid and alcohol group), each amino acid monomer contains an -NH2 from an amine (fulfilling the alcohol component), and
-COOH from a carboxylic acid (fulfilling the acid component). Both groups are bonded to the same carbon: creating a protein.
Difunctional
Difunctional monomers have an acid group on one side and an alcohol group on the other.
Benzene
Benzene is an organic chemical compound with the molecular formula C6H6.
The benzene molecule is composed of six carbon atoms joined in a planar hexagonal ring with one hydrogen atom attached to each.
Because it contains only carbon and hydrogen atoms, benzene is classed as a hydrocarbon.
