Organics PPT

Question 1

How many electrons does Carbon have?

Answer 1

6

Question 2

How many bonds could Carbon form to become more stable?

Answer 2

4

Question 3

What type of bond does Carbon form?

Answer 3

covalent

Question 4

any covalent molecule with Carbon and Hydrogen; other elements hang off of the Carbon

Answer 4

organic molecules

Question 5

examples of elements that hang off Carbon in organic molecules

Answer 5

Oxygen,
Phosphorus,
Nitrogen

Question 6

What are the purposes of organic molecules?

Answer 6

energy source,
structural material,
carriers of hereditary information

Question 7

How are these large organic molecules formed?

Answer 7

condensation reactions

Question 8

How are these large organic molecules broken down?

Answer 8

hydrolysis reactions

Question 9

What type of reaction is the condensation reaction?

Answer 9

synthesis

Question 10

Explain the steps of the condensation reaction.

Answer 10

1. remove an -OH group from one molecule and an H⁺ from another
2. a covalent bond forms between the two molecules
3. the -OH and H⁺ form water

Question 11

opposite of dehydration synthesis; used to break down large organic molecules into smaller units

Answer 11

hydrolysis reaction

Question 12

What type of reaction is the hydrolysis reaction?

Answer 12

decomposition

Question 13

Explain the hydrolysis reaction.

Answer 13

an -OH and a H⁺ from water are attached at the exposed sides

Question 14

various atoms or clusters of atoms covalently bonded to the carbon backbone; give organic compounds different properties; commonly occur

Answer 14

functional groups

Question 15

examples of functional groups

Answer 15

hydroxyl, methyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, phosphate

Question 16

List the 4 organic compound groups.

Answer 16

1. carbohydrates
2. lipids
3. proteins
4. nucleic acids

Question 17

most abundant organic compound group; can be simple or complex molecules

Answer 17

carbohydrates

Question 18

List the 2 main uses of carbohydrates.

Answer 18

energy storage,

structural support

Question 19

What are carbohydrates made of?

Give the ratio.

Answer 19

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

1C:2H:1O

Question 20

example of a carbohydrate

Answer 20

C₆H₁₂O₆

Question 21

simple carbs; typically have a backbone of 5 or 6 Carbon

Answer 21

monosaccharides

Question 22

examples of monosaccharides

Answer 22

glucose (6C),

fructose (6C)

Question 23

simple chain of 2 sugar units; bonded through a condensation reaction

Answer 23

disaccharide

Question 24

complex chain of many sugar units; can be identical or different; joined through condensation reaction

Answer 24

polysaccharides

Question 25

What are polysaccharides used for?

Answer 25

energy storage, | structural support

Question 26

polysaccharide: storage form for glucose in plants

Answer 26

starch

Question 27

Humans break down starch into glucose for energy using a ___ reaction.

Answer 27

hydrolysis

Question 28

List the 4 main groups of polysaccharides.

Answer 28

1. starch 2. cellulose 3. glycogen 4. chitin

Question 29

polysaccharide: plant cell wall component; very stable and strong

Answer 29

cellulose

Question 30

Why can't humans digest cellulose?

Answer 30

We lack the enzymes needed to break apart the sugars.

Question 31

Why are cellulose and starch similar?

Answer 31

both made from glucose

Question 32

List the differences between cellulose and starch.

Answer 32

1. starch- glucoses constant repeated orientation; less stable 2. cellulose- glucoses rotated 180°; very stable

Question 33

polysaccharide: primary storage form for glucose in animals (stored in liver and muscle)

Answer 33

glycogen

Question 34

Glycogen can be easily converted to ___ for energy.

Answer 34

glucose

Question 35

polysaccharide: structural material; form 30-70% of crab/insect exoskeletons; form 5-20% of fungi cell walls

Answer 35

chitin

Question 36

main function is long term energy storage; do not dissolve in water (hydrophobic)

Answer 36

lipids

Question 37

List the 4 main groups of lipids.

Answer 37

1. fatty acids and triglycerides 2. phospholipids 3. waxes 4. steroids

Question 38

type of fatty acid with all single bonds; solid at room temperature

Answer 38

saturated

Question 39

type of fatty acid with double bonds; liquid at room temperature

Answer 39

unsaturated

Question 40

lipid: one end has a carboxyl group (COOH); the rest of the molecule (the "tail") is C and H

Answer 40

fatty acids

Question 41

___ come together to form triglycerides.

Answer 41

Fatty acids

Question 42

lipid: used for long term energy storage; composed of three fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule

Answer 42

triglycerides

Question 43

lipid: main component of cell membrane; 2 fatty acid tails (hydrophobic); phosphate group "head" (hydrophilic); amphipathic molecule

Answer 43

phospholipid

Question 44

lipid: fatty acids combined with alcohols; stiff, water-repellent material

Answer 44

waxes

Question 45

rigid backbone of 4 fused Carbon rings

Answer 45

sterols

Question 46

examples of sterols

Answer 46

vitamin D, cortisone, cholesterol, testosterone, estrogen

Question 47

component of biological membranes; transported through the blood stream by lipoproteins

Answer 47

cholesterol

Question 48

List the 2 types of cholesterol.

Answer 48

1. low density (LDL) "bad cholesterol" | 2. high density (HDL) "good cholesterol"

Question 49

High cholesterol increases the risk of ___.

Answer 49

heart disease

Question 50

How do we get cholesterol?

Answer 50

1. liver produces 1000 mg/day | 2. food from animals (eggs, meat; saturated and trans fats)

Question 51

List the 4 types of fats.

Answer 51

1. monounsaturated 2. polyunsaturated 3. saturated 4. trans

Question 52

What effects do monounsaturated fats have on cholesterol?

Answer 52

lowers LDL, | raises HDL

Question 53

What effects do polyunsaturated fats have on cholesterol?

Answer 53

lowers LDL, | raises HDL

Question 54

What effects do saturated fats have on cholesterol?

Answer 54

raises both LDL and HDL

Question 55

What effects do trans fats have on cholesterol?

Answer 55

raises LDL, | lowers HDL

Question 56

List the main sources of monounsaturated fats.

Answer 56

olive oil, peanut oil, canola oil

Question 57

List the main sources of polyunsaturated fats.

Answer 57

corn, | soybean oil

Question 58

List the main sources of saturated fats.

Answer 58

``` whole milk, butter, cheese, red meat, chocolate ```

Question 59

List the main sources of trans fats.

Answer 59

margarine, shortening, fast food

Question 60

Which fats are in a liquid state at room temperature?

Answer 60

monounsaturated and polyunsaturated

Question 61

Which fats are in a solid state at room temperature?

Answer 61

saturated and trans

Question 62

fat: some naturally occurring in small amounts; modified fats

Answer 62

trans fats

Question 63

___ are fats artificially produced in large quantities by heating liquid vegetable oils in the presence of hydrogen. A process called ___ which makes the fats harder and last longer.

Answer 63

Modified fats, | hydrogenation

Question 64

most diverse group of organic compounds; contain C, H, O, N, and sometimes S and P

Answer 64

proteins

Question 65

examples of proteins and their purposes

Answer 65

1. enzymes: speed up reactions 2. structural components: bones 3. hormones

Question 66

protein building block

Answer 66

amino acids

Question 67

List the components of amino acids.

Answer 67

1. central Carbon 2. amino group (N) 3. carboxyl group 4. Hydrogen 5. "R group" varies between amino acids

Question 68

How many different amino acids are there?

Answer 68

20

Question 69

examples of amino acids

Answer 69

1. tyrosine 2. lysine 3. glutamate 4. glycine 5. proline

Question 70

type of reaction used to link amino acids together and form a protein

Answer 70

condensation reaction

Question 71

name for the covalent bond in an amino acid

Answer 71

peptide bond

Question 72

a chain of amino acids

Answer 72

polypeptide

Question 73

What determines a protein's function?

Answer 73

the protein's structure

Question 74

What is the shape of a protein determined by?

Answer 74

the sequence of amino acids

Question 75

How many parts are protein structure divided into?

Answer 75

4

Question 76

protein structure: the sequence of amino acids forms the polypeptide chain; order of amino acids is determined by DNA

Answer 76

primary structure

Question 77

What is the importance of the primary protein structure?

Answer 77

dictates protein shape and function

Question 78

protein structure: the primary chain forms spirals (α-helices) and sheets (β-sheets)

Answer 78

secondary structure

Question 79

List the 2 options in a secondary structure.

Answer 79

1. Coiled Alpha (α) Helix | 2. Extended Beta (β) Pleated Sheet

Question 80

when hydrogen bonds form between different parts in the secondary protein structure

Answer 80

folding

Question 81

the primary chain is coiled to form a spiral structure, which is stabilized by hydrogen bonds

Answer 81

α-Helix

Question 82

the primary chain "zig-zags" back and forth forming a "pleated" sheet; adjacent strands are held together by hydrogen bonds

Answer 82

β-Sheet

Question 83

protein structure: final 3D shape (functional protein); further folding due to R group interactions

Answer 83

tertiary structure

Question 84

In some R groups of the tertiary protein structure, sulfur atoms form covalent bonds called ___.

Answer 84

disulfide bonds

Question 85

Further folding in the tertiary protein structure results in these 2 possible molecules.

Answer 85

1. globular | 2. rod-like / barrel-like

Question 86

protein structure: 2/more polypeptide chains, each with its own tertiary structure, combine to form a functional protein

Answer 86

quaternary structure

Question 87

when the protein unfolds, becoming inactive

Answer 87

denaturation

Question 88

Why does denaturation occur?

Answer 88

due to changes in temperature or pH

Question 89

carry genetic information; made up of individual nucleotides

Answer 89

nucleic acids

Question 90

List the 3 parts of a nucleotide.

Answer 90

1. 5-Carbon sugar 2. phosphate group 3. nitrogen base

Question 91

List the 2 main nucleic acids.

Answer 91

1. DNA | 2. RNA

Question 92

nucleic acid that carries genetic information

Answer 92

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Question 93

nucleic acid that carries a message to make proteins

Answer 93

ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Question 94

RNA carries the message from ___ to make proteins.

Answer 94

DNA