Intro to A&P and Terms PPT Flashcards
1
Q
the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another
A
anatomy
2
Q
the study of the function of the body’s structural machinery
A
physiology
3
Q
Why are anatomy and physiology inseparable?
A
- function always reflects structure
- what a structure can do depends on its specific form
4
Q
What are the subdivisions of anatomy?
A
gross/macroscopic, microscopic, developmental
5
Q
Organ systems are a subdivision of what?
A
physiology
6
Q
a “foreign” language vocabulary for accurately describing the human body and associated components, conditions, processes and process in a science-based manner; spelling is important
A
anatomical and/or medical terminology
7
Q
What are the 3 parts to anatomical/medical terms?
A
root, prefix, suffix
8
Q
“cardio” root meaning
A
heart
9
Q
“myo” root meaning
A
muscle
10
Q
“pathy” suffix meaning
A
disease of
11
Q
“dys” prefix meaning
A
hard, difficult
12
Q
“meno” root meaning
A
menstruation
13
Q
“rrhea” suffix meaning
A
discharge
14
Q
Describe a body in anatomical position.
A
- standing erect
- face forward
- arms at sides
- toes forward
- palms forward
15
Q
directional term meaning toward the top or the head
A
superior (cephalic/cranial)
16
Q
directional term meaning toward the bottom or the feet
A
inferior (caudal)
17
Q
Your head is ___ to your neck.
A
superior
18
Q
Your chest is ___ to your neck.
A
inferior
19
Q
directional term meaning toward the front
A
anterior
20
Q
directional term meaning toward the back
A
posterior
21
Q
directional term meaning front (belly side)
A
ventral
22
Q
directional term meaning back
A
dorsal
23
Q
The sternum is ___ to the lungs.
A
anterior
24
Q
The belly button is ___ to the spinal cord.
A
ventral
25
directional term meaning towards or at the midline of the body
medial
26
directional term meaning away from the body midline
lateral
27
directional term meaning between medial and lateral position
intermediate
28
The arms are ___ to the heart.
lateral
29
The lungs are ___ to the hips.
medial
30
directional term meaning farther from origin of body part or limb attachment
distal
31
directional term meaning closer to origin of body part or point of limb attachment
proximal
32
The elbow is ___ to the wrist.
proximal
33
The knee is ___ to the thigh.
distal
34
directional term meaning towards the surface
superficial
35
directional term meaning towards the core
deep
36
The skin is ___ to the kidney.
superficial
37
The lungs are ___ to the skin.
deep
38
a line that passes completely through body in a particular direction
plane
39
What are the 3 main planes?
sagittal, frontal/coronal, transverse
40
plane that passes vertically through the body from front to back; divides right and left parts
sagittal plane
41
What are the subcategories of the sagittal plane?
midsagittal (median) and parasagittal
42
sagittal plane that lies on the midline
midsagittal (median)
43
sagittal plane that lies offset from the midline
parasagittal
44
plane that passes vertically through the body from side to side; divides into front (anterior) and back (posterior)
frontal/coronal plane
45
plane that passes horizontally through the body; divides into top and bottom
transverse (horizontal) plane
46
a cut made along a certain plane
section
47
section cut along the long axis
longitudinal section
48
section cut along width; circular shape
transverse/cross section
49
section cut diagonally (between horizontal and vertical planes); rarely used
oblique section
50
body cavity that protects nervous system organs
dorsal body cavity
51
What are the subdivisions of the dorsal body cavity?
cranial and vertebral cavities
52
dorsal body cavity subdivision that encases the brain
cranial cavity
53
dorsal body cavity subdivision that encases the spinal cord
vertebral cavity
54
body cavity that protects the internal organs
ventral body cavity
55
What are the subdivisions of the ventral body cavity?
thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
56
ventral body cavity subdivision containing the heart, lungs, and remaining thoracic organs (esophagus, trachea, etc.)
thoracic cavity
57
ventral body cavity subdivision containing the stomach, spleen, intestines, liver, etc.
abdominopelvic cavity
58
What are the subdivisions of the thoracic cavity?
pleural cavities and mediastinum cavity
59
What body cavity is within the mediastinum cavity?
pericardial cavity
60
thoracic cavity subdivision that surrounds the lungs
pleural cavities
61
thoracic cavity subdivision that contains the heart, great vessels, and trachea
mediastinum cavity
62
thoracic cavity subdivision within the mediastinum cavity that surrounds the heart
pericardial cavity
63
abdominopelvic cavity subdivision containing the stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, and other organs
abdominal cavity
64
abdominopelvic cavity containing the bladder, rectum, and reproductive organs
pelvic cavity
65
List the abdominopelvic quadrants.
right upper quadrant (RUQ),
left upper quadrant (LUQ),
right lower quadrant (RLQ),
left lower quadrant (LLQ)
66
List the abdominopelvic regions.
```
right hypochondriac region,
epigastric region,
left hypochondriac region,
right lumbar region,
umbilical region,
left lumbar region,
right iliac (inguinal) region,
hypogastric (pubic) region,
left iliac (inguinal) region
```
67
abdominopelvic region containing the liver and gallbladder
right hypochondriac region
68
abdominopelvic region containing the stomach
epigastric region
69
abdominopelvic region containing the diaphragm and spleen
left hypochondriac region
70
abdominopelvic region containing the ascending colon of the large intestine
right lumbar region
71
abdominopelvic region containing the small intestine and the transverse colon of the large intestine
umbilical region
72
abdominopelvic region containing the descending colon of the large intestine
left lumbar region
73
abdominopelvic region containing the cecum and appendix
right iliac (inguinal) region
74
abdominopelvic region containing the urinary bladder
hypogastric (pubic) region
75
abdominopelvic region containing the initial part of the sigmoid colon
left iliac (inguinal) region
76
smaller body cavity containing the mouth and digestive organs
oral and digestive cavities
77
smaller body cavity within and posterior to the nose
nasal cavity
78
smaller body cavity containing the eyes
orbital cavity
79
smaller body cavity medial to the eardrums
middle ear cavities
80
smaller body cavity containing joint cavities (i.e. elbow and knee)
synovial cavities
81
List the 2 fundamental divisions of the human body.
axial part,
| appendicular part
82
fundamental division of the human body containing the head, neck, and trunk
axial part
83
fundamental division of the human body containing the appendages or limbs
appendicular part
84
What are the subdivisions of physiology?
based on organ systems,
| focus on cellular/molecular level
85
How many organ systems are there in the body?
11
86
body system containing the hair, skin, and nails
integumentary system
87
body system that forms the external body covering and protects deeper tissues from injury; synthesized vitamin D and houses cutaneous (pain/pressure/etc.) receptors and sweat and oil glands
integumentary system
88
body system containing bones and joints
skeletal system
89
body system that protects and supports body organs; provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement; blood cells are formed within bones; bones store minerals
skeletal system
90
body system containing skeletal muscles
muscular system
91
body system that allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression; maintains posture; produces heat
muscular system
92
body system containing the brain, spinal cord, and nerves
nervous system
93
body system that is the fast-acting control system of the body; responds to internal and external changes by activating the appropriate muscles and glands
nervous system
94
body system containing the pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, thymus, adrenal gland, pancreas, ovary, and testis
endocrine system
95
body system in which glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells
endocrine system
96
body system containing the heart and blood vessels
cardiovascular system
97
body system in which the heart pumps blood; blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc.
cardiovascular system
98
body system containing the thymus, red bone marrow, lymphatic vessels, thoracic duct, spleen, and lymph nodes
lymphatic system/ immunity
99
body system that picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood; disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream; houses white blood cells (lymphocytes) involved in immunity; the immune response mounts the attack against foreign substances within the body
lymphatic system/ immunity
100
body system containing the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lung, and bronchus
respiratory system
101
body system that keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide; the gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs
respiratory system
102
body system containing the oral cavity, esophagus, liver, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus
digestive system
103
body system that breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells; indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces
digestive system
104
body system containing the kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, and urethra
urinary system
105
body system that eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body; regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood
urinary system
106
body system that contains either the prostate gland, penis, testis, scrotum, and ductus deferens OR mammary glands (in breasts), ovary, uterus, uterine tube, and vagina
reproductive system (male vs. female)
107
body system that's overall function is production of offspring
reproductive system
108
body system in which testes produce sperm and male sex hormone; male ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to the female reproductive tract
male reproductive system
109
body system in which ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones; the remaining female structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus; mammary glands of female breasts produce milk to nourish the newborn
female reproductive system
110
the maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions despite continuous changes in environment; a dynamic state of equilibrium
homeostasis
111
How is homeostasis maintained?
by contributions of all organ systems
112
Which body systems provide the communication necessary for the monitoring and regulation in homeostasis?
nervous and endocrine systems
113
Are most homeostatic feedback mechanisms in the body positive or negative?
negative
114
type of homeostatic feedback response that reduces or shuts off the original stimulus; variable changes in the opposite direction of initial change
negative feedback
115
What type of homeostatic feedback is exhibited in the following example?
regulation of body temperature
```
negative feedback
(a nervous system mechanism)
```
116
What type of homeostatic feedback is exhibited in the following example?
regulation of blood glucose by insulin
```
negative feedback
(an endocrine system mechanism)
```
117
type of homeostatic feedback response that enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus; may exhibit a cascade or amplifying effect; usually controls infrequent events that do not require continuous adjustment
positive feedback
118
What type of homeostatic feedback is exhibited in the following example?
enhancement of labor contractions by oxytocin
positive feedback
119
What type of homeostatic feedback is exhibited in the following example?
platelet plug formation and blood clotting
positive feedback
