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Organics Week 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are aldehydes?

A

Aldehydes are compounds that end with -al. They contain a carbonyl group (C=O) at the end of a carbon chain.

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2
Q

What are curly arrows and what do they show?

A

Curly arrows are used in reaction mechanisms to show the movement of electron pairs. They indicate the origin and final location of the electron pair involved in a reaction.

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3
Q

What are alkyl groups?

A

Alkyl groups are formed by removing one hydrogen from alkanes. They are represented by the prefix of the alkane name.

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4
Q

What are ketones?

A

Ketones are compounds that end with -one. They contain a carbonyl group (C=O) in the middle of a carbon chain.

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5
Q

What are esters?

A

Esters are formed from acids and alcohols. They are characterized by the presence of an ester group (-COO-) in the molecule.

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6
Q

What are alkanes?

A

Alkanes are compounds that end with -ane. They are hydrocarbons with only single carbon-carbon bonds (C-C).

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7
Q

What are alcohols?

A

Alcohols are compounds that end with -ol. They are characterized by a hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to a carbon atom.

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8
Q

What are nitriles?

A

Nitriles are compounds that end with -nitrile. They contain a cyano group (-CN) attached to a carbon atom.

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9
Q

What are amides?

A

Amides are compounds that contain the amide group (-CONH2). They are derived from carboxylic acids by replacing the hydroxyl group (-OH) with an amino group (-NH2).

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10
Q

What is the homologous series?

A

A homologous series is a family of hydrocarbons with similar chemical properties that share the same general formula. Each consecutive member of the series differs by CH2.

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11
Q

What are alkenes?

A

Alkenes are hydrocarbons that end with -ene. They contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond (C=C).

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12
Q

What are acid anhydrides?

A

Acid anhydrides are formed by dehydrating acids. They contain two carbonyl groups (C=O) attached to the same oxygen atom.

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13
Q

What is a hydrocarbon?

A

A hydrocarbon is a chemical compound composed solely of hydrogen and carbon atoms. It can be categorized into two primary categories: saturated hydrocarbons, which consist exclusively of single carbon-carbon bonds (C-C), and unsaturated hydrocarbons, which possess at least one double bond between carbon atoms (C=C).

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14
Q

What are acyl chlorides?

A

Acyl chlorides are compounds that end with -oyl chloride. They contain a carbonyl group (C=O) and a chlorine atom attached to a carbon atom.

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15
Q

What are amines?

A

Amines are compounds that contain the amino group (-NH2). They can be primary, secondary, or tertiary depending on the number of carbon groups attached to the nitrogen atom.

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16
Q

What are reaction mechanisms?

A

Reaction mechanisms show the reactions of organic compounds. They illustrate the step-by-step process of how reactants are transformed into products.

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17
Q

What are carboxylic acids?

A

Carboxylic acids are compounds that end with -oic acid. They contain a carboxyl group (-COOH) attached to a carbon atom.

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18
Q

In a reaction between ethene and hydrogen bromide, what happens to the carbon-carbon bond?

A

In a reaction between ethene and hydrogen bromide, the carbon-carbon bond breaks and the electron pair shifts to form a new bond with hydrogen.

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19
Q

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons?

A

Saturated hydrocarbons consist exclusively of single carbon-carbon bonds, while unsaturated hydrocarbons possess at least one double bond between carbon atoms.

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20
Q

What occurs in the subsequent step of the reaction involving a bromide ion?

A

In the subsequent step, a lone pair of electrons from the bromide ion relocates to create a bond with carbon, resulting in the formation of bromoethane.

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21
Q

How is the movement of electron pairs depicted in the reaction between ethene and hydrogen bromide?

A

The electrons from one of the carbon-carbon bonds shift to form a fresh bond with the hydrogen from HBr. Simultaneously, the electron pair in the hydrogen-bromine bond relocates to the bromine atom.

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22
Q

What are hydrocarbons and how are they categorized?

A

Hydrocarbons are chemical compounds composed of hydrogen and carbon atoms. They are categorized as saturated or unsaturated based on the presence of single or double carbon-carbon bonds.

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23
Q

How are acid anhydrides formed?

A

Acid anhydrides are formed by dehydrating acids, such as propanoic anhydride (C6H10O3).

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24
Q

What do curly arrows indicate in terms of electron pair movement?

A

Curly arrows indicate the starting point and final location of the electron pair.

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25
How are alkyl groups formed?
Alkyl groups are formed by eliminating a hydrogen atom from alkanes.
26
What is chain isomerism?
Chain isomerism is a type of structural isomerism where compounds possess the same molecular formula but show differences in the arrangement of the carbon skeletons. This means that the carbon atoms are arranged in a different order in each isomer, resulting in different structural formulae.
27
What is position isomerism?
Position isomerism is a type of structural isomerism where compounds have the same molecular formula, but their structures differ due to the varying positions of a specific functional group within the same carbon skeleton. This means that the functional group is attached to different carbon atoms in each isomer, resulting in different structural formulae.
28
What is E-Z isomerism?
E-Z stereoisomerism is a type of stereoisomerism that occurs due to restricted rotation about the carbon-carbon double bond. It involves compounds with double bonds where two different groups or atoms are attached at both ends of the double bond.
29
What is cis-trans isomerism?
Cis-trans isomerism, also known as geometric isomerism, is a type of stereoisomerism that occurs when two groups or atoms are attached to the carbon atoms of a double bond and are arranged differently in space. In cis isomers, similar or identical groups are on the same side of the double bond, whereas in trans isomers, they are on opposite sides.
30
What is stereoisomerism?
Stereoisomerism is a type of isomerism observed in compounds with double carbon-carbon bonds, such as alkenes. Stereoisomers have identical structural formulae but differ in the spatial arrangement of their atoms.
31
What is isomerism?
Isomerism is a phenomenon in which compounds share the same molecular formula but have different structural or spatial arrangements. There are two main types of isomerism: structural isomerism and stereoisomerism.
32
What is functional group isomerism?
Functional group isomerism is a type of structural isomerism where compounds share a molecular formula but arrange their atoms differently to produce different functional groups. This means that the atoms are connected in a different way in each isomer, resulting in different structural formulae and different functional groups.
33
What is structural isomerism?
Structural isomerism is a type of isomerism where compounds have the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements or structural formulae. There are three common types of structural isomerism: chain isomerism, position isomerism, and functional group isomerism.
34
What does structural isomerism refer to?
Structural isomerism refers to compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements.
35
What is the effect of the arrangement of polar C-Cl bonds on the polarity of a molecule?
If the polar C-Cl bonds are arranged on one side of the molecule, it results in a partial negative charge on that side, making the molecule polar. If they are placed on opposite sides, the dipoles cancel each other out, making the molecule non-polar.
36
What physical properties can differ between E-Z stereoisomers?
E-Z stereoisomers can have different physical properties such as melting and boiling points, with polarity influenced by the spatial arrangement of polar bonds.
37
Why is Z-1,2-dichloroethene a polar compound?
Z-1,2-dichloroethene is a polar compound due to the arrangement of polar C-Cl bonds on one side, resulting in a partial negative charge on that side.
38
What are the two main types of isomerism?
The two main types of isomerism are structural isomerism and stereoisomerism.
39
How are E-Z stereoisomers named?
E-Z stereoisomers are named based on the priority groups on both sides of the double bond, with Z isomers having higher priority groups on the same side and E isomers having higher priority groups on opposite sides.
40
What is the main difference between chain isomers and position isomers?
Chain isomers have differences in the arrangement of the carbon skeletons, while position isomers have varying positions of a specific functional group within the same carbon skeleton.
41
In which type of compounds does stereoisomerism occur?
Stereoisomerism occurs in compounds with double carbon-carbon bonds and involves the spatial arrangement of atoms.
42
What is the difference between E-Z isomerism and cis-trans isomerism?
E-Z isomerism and cis-trans isomerism are both ways to describe the spatial arrangement of atoms or groups around a double bond in organic molecules. However, while cis-trans isomerism specifically refers to isomerism around a double bond, E-Z isomerism is a more general term that can be applied to any case where there are different groups attached to a double bond, regardless of whether there are two or more substituents.
43
How can stereoisomers be further categorized?
Stereoisomers can further be categorized into E-Z stereoisomerism based on the restricted rotation around the double bond.
44
What are alkane hydrocarbons?
Alkane hydrocarbons are a type of hydrocarbon compound that consists of carbon and hydrogen atoms arranged in a straight chain or branched structure. They are the main components of crude oil and have the general formula CnH2n+2.
45
What is a fractionating column?
A fractionating column is a tall vertical tower used in fractional distillation. It allows for the separation of different components of a mixture based on their boiling points.
46
What is crude oil?
Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons that is extracted from the Earth. It is mainly composed of alkane hydrocarbons and undergoes a refining process to separate its various components
47
What is crude oil?
Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons that is extracted from the Earth. It is mainly composed of alkane hydrocarbons and undergoes a refining process to separate its various components
48
What is the boiling point and what is it influenced by?
The boiling point of a substance is the temperature at which it changes from a liquid to a gas. It is influenced by the strength of intermolecular forces between molecules.
49
What is thermal cracking?
Thermal cracking is a method used to break down larger hydrocarbon molecules into smaller ones by subjecting them to high temperatures and pressures. Unlike catalytic cracking, thermal cracking does not involve the use of catalysts and instead relies on the breaking of carbon-carbon bonds, resulting in the formation of free radicals.
50
What is fractional distillation?
Fractional distillation is a process used to separate a mixture of liquids with different boiling points. It involves heating the mixture and collecting the vapors that condense at different temperatures, allowing for the separation of the components based on their boiling points.
51
What is vacuum distillation?
Vacuum distillation is a distillation process that is carried out under reduced pressure. By lowering the pressure, the boiling point of the liquid is reduced, allowing for the separation of heavier fractions without subjecting them to high temperatures that could break them down.
52
What are zeolites?
Zeolites are intricate aluminosilicate minerals with a lattice structure of aluminum, silicon, and oxygen atoms. They have negative charges and are paired with positive ions like sodium ions.
53
What is catalytic cracking?
Catalytic cracking is a method used to break down large hydrocarbon molecules into smaller, more useful ones. It involves the use of catalysts, such as zeolites, which facilitate the reaction at lower temperatures and pressures.
54
What is refining?
Refining is the process of purifying or separating a substance, such as crude oil, into its individual components or desired products. In the case of crude oil, refining involves the separation of different hydrocarbon fractions through processes like fractional distillation.
55
What is steam cracking?
Steam cracking is a method used to break down hydrocarbon molecules into smaller ones by subjecting them to high temperatures and steam. It is commonly used to produce alkenes and involves the use of simple hydrocarbons like ethane, propane, or butane, along with steam, in a heated reactor.
56
What is a condenser?
A condenser is a device used to cool and condense vapors into a liquid. In the context of fractional distillation, the condenser cools the vapors from the fractionating column, causing them to condense back into a liquid, which is then collected.
57
What is the process of thermal cracking and what does it produce?
Thermal cracking involves high temperatures and pressures to break larger hydrocarbons into smaller ones, producing mixtures rich in alkenes.
58
What is the purpose of vacuum distillation in the refining process?
Vacuum distillation is used to further separate heavier fractions without subjecting them to high temperatures.
59
What is the purpose of the thermometer in the fractionating column during fractional distillation?
The thermometer ensures that the temperature does not exceed the boiling point of the most volatile substance.
60
What is the purpose of fractional distillation in the laboratory?
Fractional distillation is a process used in the laboratory to separate liquids with different boiling points.
61
What is cracking and how does it work?
Cracking is a method to break down large hydrocarbon molecules into smaller, more useful pieces.
62
What is the purpose of steam in steam cracking?
The purpose of steam in steam cracking is to dilute the organic feedstock and prevent excessive carbon formation.
63
How would you apply the process of fractional distillation to separate a mixture of liquids in a laboratory setting?
Heat a flask containing the mixture with a Bunsen burner or electric mantle. The generated vapors, containing all the components in the mixture, rise up the fractionating column. The vapor with the lowest boiling point reaches the top of the column first. Ensure the temperature does not exceed the boiling point of the most volatile substance using a thermometer. Vapors with higher boiling points condense and fall back into the flask. Only the most volatile vapor passes into the condenser, which cools the vapor, turning it back into a liquid, which is then collected.
64
What is the main difference between thermal cracking and steam cracking?
Thermal cracking involves high temperatures and pressures to break larger hydrocarbons into smaller ones, while steam cracking employs naphtha or simple hydrocarbons along with steam at around 800 - 900°C and 1 atmosphere pressure.
65
How does catalytic cracking produce high percentages of hydrocarbons with 5 to 10 carbon atoms?
Catalytic cracking employs zeolites as catalysts to produce high percentages of hydrocarbons with 5 to 10 carbon atoms.
66
How does the process of fractional distillation work?
The process involves heating the crude oil and passing it through a column where different fractions condense at varying heights.
67
How are the fractions separated in fractional distillation?
The separation of fractions is achieved by the influence of molecule size and boiling points, with smaller molecules condensing at the top and larger molecules condensing at the bottom.
68
What is steam cracking and how does it yield a high proportion of alkenes?
Steam cracking is a valuable method that yields a high proportion of alkenes by passing a mixture of hydrocarbons and steam through a heated reactor.
69
What is fractional distillation?
Fractional distillation is a refining process used to separate the components of crude oil based on their boiling points and molecule sizes.
70
What is pollution from combustion?
Pollution from combustion refers to the release of pollutants into the environment during the combustion of fuels. When burning petroleum fractions, sulfur-containing impurities present in the fuel can lead to the production of sulfur dioxide (SO2) when they combust.
71
What is incomplete combustion?
Incomplete combustion is a combustion process that occurs when there is insufficient oxygen for the complete oxidation of a hydrocarbon. In this process, the hydrocarbon reacts with limited oxygen, resulting in the formation of carbon monoxide, carbon, and other incomplete combustion products.
72
What are nitrogen oxides?
Nitrogen oxides (NOx) are a group of gases that are formed as a result of the reaction between nitrogen (N2) and oxygen (O2) at high temperatures and sparks in the engine. The high temperature and energy provided by the engine break the strong N2 bond, leading to the formation of nitrogen oxides.
73
What is the combustion of alkanes?
The combustion of alkanes refers to the process in which alkanes react with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water. This reaction releases a significant amount of heat energy, making alkanes commonly used as fuels.
74
What is complete combustion?
Complete combustion refers to the combustion process in which a hydrocarbon reacts with sufficient oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water. This reaction occurs when there is an abundant supply of oxygen, resulting in the complete oxidation of the hydrocarbon.
75
What is the chlorination of alkanes?
The chlorination of alkanes is a reaction in which hydrogen atoms in an alkane are replaced by chlorine atoms, resulting in the formation of halogenoalkanes. This reaction is initiated by the homolytic fission of the chlorine molecule, which forms chlorine free radicals.
76
What is the synthesis of halogenoalkanes?
The synthesis of halogenoalkanes refers to the reaction in which alkanes react with bromine or chlorine in the presence of UV light to form halogenoalkanes. In this reaction, hydrogen atoms in the alkane are replaced by halogen atoms, resulting in the formation of halogenoalkanes.
77
What can sulphur dioxide (SO2) form when it dissolves in atmospheric water?
Sulphur dioxide (SO2) can form acid rain when it dissolves in atmospheric water.
78
Why are larger hydrocarbons more challenging to ignite?
Because they do not vaporize as easily and the presence of strong Van der Waals attractions in larger molecules makes it harder for them to become gaseous.
79
What is the effect of carbon monoxide (CO) inhalation on the body?
Carbon monoxide (CO) binds irreversibly to blood haemoglobin, preventing oxygen transport and causing suffocation.
80
Why do alkanes react with reagents like chlorine and bromine?
These reactions occur due to the breaking of strong C-C and C-H bonds, and can lead to the production of impurities like ethane and further substitution reactions with excess chlorine.
81
What happens when larger hydrocarbons are ignited?
They are more challenging to ignite because they do not vaporize as easily, and combustion becomes less complete, leading to a yellow, smoky flame due to incomplete combustion products.
82
Why is balancing equations for combustion reactions important?
Balancing equations for combustion reactions is important for thermochemistry calculations.
83
How are nitrogen oxides (NOx) formed in car engines?
Nitrogen oxides (NOx) are formed as a result of the reaction between nitrogen (N2) and oxygen (O2) inside car engines.
84
What are the consequences of incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons?
Incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons can produce carbon monoxide and contribute to pollution when sulphur-containing impurities are present.
85
What is the result of the reaction between nitrogen (N2) and oxygen (O2) inside the car engine?
NOx forms as a result of the reaction, the high temperature and spark in the engine provide the energy needed to break the strong N2 bond.
86
What are the products of complete combustion of alkanes and cycloalkanes?
Alkanes and cycloalkanes undergo combustion reactions, producing carbon dioxide and water when burned completely with sufficient oxygen.
87
What are the steps involved in the combustion and chlorination of alkanes?
The combustion and chlorination of alkanes involve a series of steps including initiation, propagation, and termination, resulting in the formation of various products such as chloromethane and CFCl3.
88
What is the method used to remove sulphur oxides (SOx) from waste gases produced by coal-fired power stations?
Flue gas desulphurisation is used to remove sulphur oxides (SOx) from waste gases produced by coal-fired power stations.
89
Why do larger hydrocarbons result in incomplete combustion?
Larger hydrocarbons are more difficult to ignite and result in incomplete combustion, leading to a yellow, smoky flame.

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