Organisation In Animals 1.2 Flashcards
(143 cards)
1
Q
Main structures in the human circulatory system
A
Heart, veins, blood vessels, arteries, capillaries
2
Q
Function of the arteries
A
Carry blood away from the heart to the organs and cells around the body
3
Q
Function of the capillaries
A
Connect arteries to the veins and supply the oxygen directly to cells with diffusion
4
Q
Function of the veins
A
Carry blood back to heart from the lungs and the body
5
Q
Oxygenated or deoxygenated? Arteries
A
Carry oxygenated blood around the body from the heart (except pulmonary artery).
6
Q
Oxygenated or deoxygenated. Capillaries
A
Carry both oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
7
Q
Oxygenated or deoxygenated. Veins
A
Carry deoxygenated blood back to the back to the heart (except pulmonary vein).
8
Q
Arteries lumen diameter
A
Narrow lumen
9
Q
Lumen diameter capillaries
A
Very small lumen (small blood vessel) one cell thick
10
Q
Lumen diameter veins
A
Wide lumen
11
Q
Valves in arteries
A
Don’t have any
12
Q
Valves in capillaries
A
Don’t have any
13
Q
Valves in veins
A
Have valves to stop the back flow of blood
14
Q
Pressure in arteries
A
Carry blood under high pressure
15
Q
Pressure in capillaries
A
Carry blood that decreases in pressure from the arteries to the veins
16
Q
Pressure in veins
A
Carry blood under low pressure
17
Q
Wall structure in arteries
A
Thick wall of three cell layers with thick muscle in the middle layer
18
Q
Wall structure in capillaries
A
Thin walls of one cell layer
19
Q
Wall structure in veins
A
Thinner walls than arteries of three layers with muscle layer in middle
20
Q
What is Amylase?
A
An enzyme produced in the salivary glands and pancreas that breaks carbohydrates down into simple sugars.
21
Q
What is the Aorta?
A
The main artery that takes oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body.
22
Q
What is an Artery?
A
A blood vessel that carries blood at high pressure away from the heart.
23
Q
What is a Benign tumour?
A
An abnormal cell growth that is contained within one area and does not invade other areas of the body.
24
Q
What is Bile?
A
A substance made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder which is used to neutralise stomach acid in the intestine and emulsify fats.
25
What is Blood?
A tissue containing red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and plasma.
26
What is Cancer?
A non-communicable disease caused by changes in the cell that lead to uncontrolled growth and division.
27
What is a Capillary?
A very thin blood vessel that is used for exchange of substances.
28
What is a Cell?
The basic building block of all living organisms.
29
What is a Communicable disease?
A disease that can be spread between individuals either directly or indirectly.
30
What is Coronary heart disease?
A disease caused by the buildup of fatty deposits inside the coronary artery, narrowing it and reducing blood flow to the heart tissue.
31
What are enzymes?
Biological catalysts that increase the rate of reactions in living organisms.
32
What is health?
The state of physical and mental wellbeing.
33
What is the heart?
An organ that pumps blood around the body in a double circulator system.
34
What is lipase?
An enzyme produced in the pancreas that breaks lipids down into fatty acids and glycerol.
35
What is the lock and key hypothesis?
A theory that describes how substrates must be the correct shape to fit the active site of an enzyme.
36
What is a malignant tumour?
A cancerous cell growth that invades neighbouring tissues and can spread to different parts of the body in the blood.
37
What is meristem tissue?
Plant tissues containing undifferentiated stem cells.
38
What is metabolism?
All of the chemical reactions occurring in an organism.
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What is a non-communicable disease?
A disease which cannot be spread between individuals.
40
What are organs?
Aggregations of tissues performing specific functions.
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What are organ systems?
Groups of organs that work together to form organisms.
42
What is palisade mesophyll?
A tissue found in plant leaves that is specialised to carry out photosynthesis.
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What is phloem?
A transport tissue found in plants which is specialised to transport sugars from source to sink.
44
What is protease?
An enzyme produced in the stomach and pancreas that breaks proteins down into amino acids.
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What is the pulmonary artery?
The main artery that takes deoxygenated blood away from the heart to the lungs.
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What is the pulmonary vein?
The main vein that takes oxygenated blood back to the heart from the lungs.
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What is the rate of reaction?
The speed at which reactants are converted into products.
48
What is a risk factor?
Something that increases a person's risk of developing a disease.
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What is spongy mesophyll?
A tissue found in plant leaves that is specialised for gas exchange.
50
What are statins?
A class of drugs that are used to reduce blood cholesterol levels which slows down the rate of fatty material deposit.
51
What is a stent?
A tube that can be surgically implanted into blood vessels to keep them open.
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What is tissue?
A group of cells with a similar structure and function.
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What is translocation?
The movement of food molecules through the phloem tissue.
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What is transpiration?
The process of water evaporating from a plant.
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What is a vein?
A blood vessel that carries blood at a low pressure back to the heart.
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What is the vena cava?
The main vein that takes deoxygenated blood back to the heart from the body.
57
What is xylem?
A transport tissue in plants which is specialised to transport water and dissolved minerals from the roots of the plant to the leaves.
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Why does the red blood cell transport oxygen
Aerobic respiration
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Three adaptions of the red blood cell
1.contains haemoglobin
2.large surface area
3. No nucleus
60
Why does the red blood cell contain haemoglobin
Haemoglobin is a red protein pig man which binds oxygen
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Why does the red blood cell have a large surface area
Due to a biconcave shape to absorb oxygen
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Why does the red blood cell have no nucleus
So more space for haemoglobin to carry out
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Where does Haemoglobin react with oxygen
In the lungs
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When haemoglobin reacts with oxygen what does it form
Oxyhemoglobin
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Where does oxyhemoglobin reach
The tissues
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When oxyhemoglobin reaches the tissue what happens
Separates in oxygen and haemoglobin
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What happens after oxygen and haemoglobin separate
The oxygen diffuse into the tissue cells and the red blood cells return to the lungs to pick up more oxygen
68
What do white blood cells do
Defend the body against microorganisms that cause disease by destroying them
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Function of the white blood cell
1. Phagocytosis
2. Some white blood cells fight diseases by making antibodies to destroy invaders by dissolving them
3. Others make antitoxins to break down poisons
70
What is phagocytosis
Engulf and digest microorganisms
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What are platelets
Tiny fragments of cells produced in the bone marrow
72
Function of platelets
1. Causes blood to clot
2. Helps to form scabs
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What is plasma
Yellowish liquid part of blood
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What does plasma transport
Carbon dioxide
Glucose
Amino acids
Vitamins
Hormones
Urea
Distributes heat
75
Cells to organisms order
Cells, tissue, organ, organ system
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Three types of tissues
1. Muscular tissue
2. Glandular tissue
3. Epithelial tissue
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What is the muscular tissue
Muscular - contracts (shortens) to move things
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What is the glandular tissue
Glandular - makes and secretes substances substances e.g. enzymes and hormones
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What is the epithelial tissue
Epithelial - covers some parts of the body
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What is digestive system
Large insoluble molecules are converted into smaller soluble molecules that can be absorbed into the blood
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Increasing surface area
Folded surface
Projections called villi
Villi are covered in microvilli
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Increasing absorption
Thin walls - short diffusion pathway
Good blood supply - maintain a steep concentration gradient
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What is the scientific name of, layer of cells lining the stomach
A tissue
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What is the scientific name of, stomach
An organ
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What is the scientific name of, mouth, stomach, intestines, liver and pancreas
An organ system
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Food test for starch
Iodine solution
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Food test for sugar
Benedict’s solution
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Food test for lipids
Ethanol
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Food test for protein
Blurted solution
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Colour before adding to food - lipids
Colourless
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Colour change if food group is present - lipids
Clear to cloudy white
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Colour before adding to food - starch
Orange/brown
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Colour change if food group is present - starch
Blue-black
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Colour before adding to food - sugar
Blue
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Colour change if food group is present - sugar
Green/yellow/red
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Colour before adding to food - protein
Blue
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Colour change if food group is present - protein
Purple
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Food group - protein - function
- needed for growth and repair damaged tissues
- made up of amino acids
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Food group - protein - e.g. of food found in
Fish
Egg
Beef
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Food group - lipids (fats) - function
- needed to insulate our bodies, for energy and to make cell membranes
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Food group - lipids (fats) - e.g. of food found in
Oil
Butter
Milk
102
Food group - carbohydrates - function
- main source of energy in food.
- starches and sugars are carbohydrates.
- used to release energy in respiration
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Food group - carbohydrates - e.g. of food found in
Bread
Pasta
Rice
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Food group - vitamins and minerals - function
- keeps body healthy
- lack of vitamin C causes scurvy
- needed in small amounts
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Food group - vitamins and minerals - e.g. of food found in
Vegetables
Apples
Pear
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Food group - fibre - function
- cannot digest fibre
- helps move food
- prevents constipation
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Food group - fibre - e.g. of food found in
Corn
Brown bread
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Food group - water - function
- needed to transport things around the body
- hydration
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Food group - water - e.g. of food found in
Water
Fruits containing water
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In the stomach - muscular
Churns the food to mix with enzymes
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In the stomach - epithermal
Lines the internal and external surfaces
112
In the stomach - glandular
Produces protease and acid
113
What is digestion
Converting large insoluble molecules into smaller soluble ones that can be easily absorbed
114
What are enzymes
Biological catalysts
115
What are catalysts
Helps speed up the rate of reaction but are not used up in the reaction
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Enzymes have an …
Active site where the substrate binds to form the enzyme-substrate complex.
The products are formed and then released from the enzyme which is ready to bind another substrate.
117
Explain how enzymes work using the lock and key model
-the substance (key) binds with active site of the enzyme (lock) to form the enzyme-substrate complex.
-the enzyme breaks down the substrate and then releases the products
-the enzyme remains unchanged and can be used again
118
Explain why lactase can break down lactose and not other molecules e.g. maltose
-lactose has a complementary shape to the lactase enzyme
-lactose binds with the active site of lactase
- maltose does not have a complementary shape to the active site of lactase so cannot bind with lactase enzyme
119
What are digestive enzymes
Are produced in glands and the lining of the small intestine
120
Factors affecting enzymes
Rates of enzyme - catalysed reactions depend on certain factors:
Temperature
PH
Enzyme concentration
Substrate concentration
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What is the optimum
The best temperature and PH that enzymes work at
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What does denatured mean
When the shape of the enzymes active site is changed irreversibly
123
What is the substrate
The chemical that is reacting with the enzyme
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What is the active site
The area on the enzyme that the substrate fits into
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What produces bile
Liver
126
Is bile an alkaline or acid
Alkaline
127
What does bile do in the liver
Neutralises the acid on the food leaving the stomach
128
Does bile help digest lipids
Yes
129
What does bile do to fats
Bike emulsifies fats - breaks them into smaller pieces
Smaller pieces increases the surface area for lipase to work
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131
Where does amylase work
Mouth
132
Amylase works in the mouth where it is involved in the digestion of ….. to …..
1. Lipids
2. Glycerol
133
Which glands produce amylase and lipase
1. Salivary
2. Pancreas
134
What is the function of the heart in mammals
Pump blood around the body
135
The route that the blood travels (excluding valves) is:
Vena cava —> right atrium —> right ventricle —> pulmonary artery—> lungs —> pulmonary vein —> left atrium —> left ventricle —> aorta —> body
136
The blood leaves the right …
Ventricle and travels via the pulmonary artery to the lungs
137
The blood leaves the lungs …
And travels to the left atrium of the heart via the pulmonary vein
138
The blood returns to the right …
Atrium of the heart via the vena cava
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The blood leaves the left ventricle …
Of the heart and travels to the body via the aorta
140
For every one full circuit around the body, blood passes through the heart how many times
-Twice
-Right side from the body to the lungs, and the left side from the lungs to the body.
-has advantages, including higher blood pressure and so a greater flow of blood to the tissues.
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142
What is the cardiac output
The volume of blood that flows from the heart per minute
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