Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Anatomy > Organisation Of The Nervous System 1 > Flashcards

Organisation Of The Nervous System 1 Flashcards

(83 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What does the nervous system include?

A

All neural tissue in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Neural tissue contains two kinds of cells, what are they?

A
  1. neurons

2. neuroglia (glial cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are neurons?

A

Cells that send and receive signals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are neuroglia (glial cells)?

A

Cells that support and protect neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the organs of the nervous system?

A
  • brain and spinal cord
  • sensory receptors of sense organs (eyes,ears etc)
  • nerves connect nervous system with other systems
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the three functions of the nervous system?

A
  • directs immediate responses to stimuli
  • coordinates or moderates activities of other organ systems
  • provides and interprets sensory information about external conditions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the two anatomical divisions of the nervous system?

A
  1. central nervous system(CNS)

2. peripheral nervous system(PNS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does the central nervous system consist of?

A

Consists of the spinal cord and brain and contains neural tissue, connective tissues and blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does the peripheral nervous system include?

A

All me aural tissue outside the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the three functions of the CNS?

A
  • sensory data from inside and outside body
  • motor commands control activities of peripheral organs (e.g, skeletal muscles)
  • higher functions of brain:intelligence, memory, learning and emotion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the two primary functions of the brain?

A
  • perform complex integrative functions

- controls both voluntary and autonomic activities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the three primary functions of the spinal cord?

A
  • relays information to and from the brain
  • performs less-complex integrative functions
  • direct many simple involuntary activities
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The peripheral nervous system includes all?

A

Neural tissue outside the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the two functions of the PNS?

A
  • deliver sensory information to the CNS

- carry motor commands to peripheral tissues and systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is another name for nerves?

A

Peripheral nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are nerves?

A

Bundles of axons with connective tissues and blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What do nerves do?

A

Carry sensory information and motor commands in the PNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What do cranial nerves connect to?

A

The brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What do spinal nerves attach to?

A

Spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the three functional divisions of the PNS?

A

Afferent division, receptors and efferent division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What does the afferent division do?

A

Carries sensory information from the PNS sensory receptors to CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are receptors and what do they do?

A
  • detect changes or respond to stimuli
  • neurons and specialised cells
  • complex sensory organs(e.g.,eyes,ears)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What does the efferent division do?

A
  • carries motor command from CNS to PNS muscles and glands

- these target organs, which respond by doing something,are called effectors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What do effectors do?

A
  • respond to efferent signals

- cells and organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What makes up the efferent division?
Somatic nervous system (SNS) and autonomic nervous system (ANS)
26
What does the somatic nervous system do?
Controls voluntary and involuntary (reflexes) skeletal muscle contractions
27
What does the autonomic nervous system do?
- controls subconscious actions, contractions of smooth muscle and cardiac muscle and glandular secretions - sympathetic division has a stimulating effect - parasympathetic division has a relaxing effect
28
What do the special sensory receptors do?
Monitor smell,taste,vision,balance and hearing
29
What do the visceral sensory receptors do?
Monitor internal organs
30
What do the somatic sensory receptors do?
Monitor skeletal muscles,joints and skin surface
31
What are neurons?
The basic functional units of the nervous system
32
Describe the structure of neurons
``` The multipolar neuron Common in the CNS Cell body (soma) Short, branched dendrites Long,single axon ```
33
What is the cell body made up of?
Large nucleus and nucleolus Perikaryon (cytoplasm), surrounding the nucleus Mitochondria (produce energy) RER (rough endoplasmic reticulum) and ribosomes (produce neurotransmitters)
34
What are dendrites?
Highly branched | Dendritic spines: many fine processes, receive information from other neurons and 80-90 percent of neuron surface area
35
Describe the axon
Long Carries electrical signal (action potential) to target Axon structure is critical to function
36
What is ten synapse?
Area where a neuron communicates with another cell
37
What are the two cells every synapse involved?
1. Pre synaptic cell: neuron that sends message | 2. postsynaptic cell: cell that receives message
38
The communication between cells at a synapse most commonly involves the release of chemicals called?
Neurotransmitters by the synaptic terminal
39
Discuss neurotransmitters
``` Are chemical messengers Are released at presynaptic membrane Affect receptors of postsynaptic membrane Are broken down by enzymes Are reassembled at axon terminal ```
40
What are the two types of synapses?
Neuromuscular junction and neuroglandular junction
41
What is the neuromuscular junction
Synapse between neuron and muscle
42
What is the neuroglandular junction
Synapse between neuron and gland
43
What are the four structural classifications of neurons?
Anaxonic neurons Bipolar neurons Unipolar neurons Multipolar neurons
44
Where are anaxonic neurons found?
In brain and sense organs
45
Where are bipolar neurons found?
In special sensory organs (sight,smell and hearing)
46
Where are unipolar neurons found?
In sensory neurons of PNS
47
Where are multipolar neurons found?
Common in CNS | Include all skeletal muscle motor neurons
48
Anaxonic neurons are?
Small All cell process look alike Found in brain and sense organs Have more than two processes and they are all dendrites
49
Bipolar neurons are?
Small One dendrite, one axon Found in special sensory organs (sight, smell, hearing) Have two processes separated by the cell body
50
Unipolar neurons are?
``` Also called pseudounipolar neurons Have very long axons Fused dendrites and axon Cell body to one side Found in sensory neurons of PNS ```
51
Multipolar neurons are?
Have very long axons Multiple dendrites, one axon Common in the CNS Include all skeletal muscle motor neurons
52
What are the three functional classifications of neurons?
Sensory neurons : afferent neurons of PNS Motor neurons:efferent neurons of PNS Interneurons: association neurons
53
What is ten function of sensory neurons?
Deliver information from sensory receptors to CNS
54
What are the three types of sensory receptors?
Interoceptors Exteroceptors Proprioceptors
55
What is the function of interoreceptors?
Monitor internal systems (digestive,respiratory,cardiovascular,urinary,reproductive) Internal senses(taste,deep pressure, pain)
56
What is the function of exteroreceptors?
External senses (touch, temperature,pressure) Distance senses (sight,smell and hearing)
57
What is the function of proprioreceptors?
Monitor position and movement (skeletal muscles and joints)
58
What do motor neurons do?
Carry instructions from CNS to peripheral effectors via efferent fibres (axons)
59
What are the two major efferent systems?
Somatic nervous system SNS | Autonomic nervous system ans
60
What does the somatic nervous system involve?
Includes all somatic motor neurons that innervate skeletal muscles
61
What does the autonomic nervous system involve?
Visceral motor neurons innervate all other peripheral effectors Smooth muscle,cardiac muscle,glands, andipose tissue
62
Where are inter neurons located?
Most are located in the brain,spinal cord and autonomic ganglia between sensory and motor neurons
63
What are interneurons responsible for?
Distribution of sensory information Coordination of motor activity Are involve in higher functions such as memory,planning and learning
64
Neurologia is?
Half the volume of the nervous system | Many types of neurologia in CNS and PNS
65
What are the four types of neurologia in the CNS
Ependymal cells Astrocytes Oligodendrocytes Micrologia
66
What are ependymal cells?
Cells with highly branched processes;contact neuroglia directly
67
What are astrocytes?
Large cell bodies with many processes
68
What are oligodendrocytes?
Smaller cell bodies with fewer processes
69
What are micrologia?
Smallest and least numerous neuroglia with many fine branched processes
70
The cell bodies of neurons in the PNS are clustered in?
Masses called ganglia surrounded by neuroglia found in the PNS
71
What are the two types of neuroglia in the PNS?
Satellite cells and Schwann cells
72
What are satellite cells?
Also called amphicytes Surround ganglia Regulate environment around neuron
73
What are Schwann cells?
Also called neurilemma cells Form myelin sheath (neurilemma) around peripheral axons One Schwann cell sheaths one segment of axon Many Schwann cells sheath entire axon
74
Neurons perform?
All communication, information processing and control functions of the nervous system
75
Neuroglia preserve?
Physical and biochemical structure of neural tissue
76
Neuroglia are essential to
Survival and function of neurons
77
Two anatomical divisions of the nervous system are?
The CNS and the PNS
78
Two functional divisions of the peripheral nervous system and their primary functions are?
The afferent division which brings sensory info to the CNS from receptors in the peripheral tissues and organs and the efferent division which carries motor commands from the CNS to muscles glands and andipose tissue
79
Two components of the efferent division of the PNS?
Somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system
80
What would the effect of damage to the afferent division of the PNS be?
Would interfere with a persons ability to experience a variety of sensory stimuli
81
The structural components of a typical neuron are?
``` Cell body or soma Dendrites An axon Telodendria Nissl bodies Neurofilaments Intermediate neurotubules Neurofibrils Axoplasm Axolemma Initial segment Axon hillock Collaterals ```
82
Classify neurons according to their structure
According to function neurons are classified as sensory neurons motor neurons and interneurons
83
Are unipolar neurons in a tissue sample more likely to function as sensory neurons or motor neurons?
Because most sensory neurons of the PNS are unipolar, these neurons most likely function as sensory neurons

Anatomy (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions