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Anatomy > Organisation Of The Nervous System 3 > Flashcards

Organisation Of The Nervous System 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a spinal reflex?

A

It is a rapid, automatic nerve response triggered by specific stimuli. It is controlled by spinal cord alone, not the brain

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2
Q

The spinal cord is about

A

18 inches (45cm) long and 1/2 inch (14mm) wide

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3
Q

The spinal cord ends between

A

Vertebrae L1 and L2, the cord itself is not as long as the vertebral column

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4
Q

The bilateral symmetry of the spinal cord:

A

Grooves divide the spina cord into left and right

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5
Q

One of the grooves that divide the spinal cord is the posterior median sulcus which is

A

On the posterior side

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6
Q

The other groove that divides the spinal cord is the anterior median fissure which

A

Is a deeper groove on anterior side

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7
Q

Enlargements of the spinal cord are caused by

A

Amount of grey matter in segment and involvement with sensory and motor nerves of limbs

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8
Q

There are two types of enlargements of the spinal cord

A

Cervical enlargement and lumbar enlargement

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9
Q

The cervical enlargement supplies

A

Nerves to the shoulder and upper limbs

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10
Q

The lumbar enlargement provides

A

Innervation to structures of the pelvis and lower limbs

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11
Q

The distal end of the spinal cord is composed of

A

Conus medullaris
Filum terminale
Cauda equina

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12
Q

The conus medullaris is a

A

Thin, conical spinal cord below lumbar enlargement

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13
Q

The filum terminale is a

A

Thin thread of fibrous tissue at end of conus medullaris

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14
Q

The filum terminale attaches to

A

Coccygeal ligament

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15
Q

The cauda equina is

A

Nerve roots extending below conus medullaris

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16
Q

The spinal cord segments are based on

A

Vertebrae where spinal nerves originate

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17
Q

The positions of the spinal segment and vertebrae change

A

With age

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18
Q

Cervical nerves named for

A

Inferior vertebra

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19
Q

All other nerves named for

A

Superior vertebra

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20
Q

The roots of the spinal cord are

A

Two branches of spinal nerves

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21
Q

The two roots are the

A

Ventral root and the dorsal root

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22
Q

The ventral root

A

Contains axons of motor neurons

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23
Q

The dorsal root

A

Contains axons of sensory information

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24
Q

The dorsal root ganglia contains

A

Cell bodies of sensory neurons

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25
The spinal nerve is
Distal to each dorsal root ganglion, the sensory and motor roots are bound together into a single spinal nerve
26
Mixed nerves carry both
Afferent (sensory) and efferent (motor) fibres
27
The spinal meninges are
Specialised membranes isolate spinal cord from surroundings
28
The functions of the spinal meninges include:
Protecting spinal cord against bumps and shocks to the skin of the back Carrying blood supply Continuous with cranial meninges, which surround the brain
29
Meningitis is a
Viral or bacterial infection of meninges
30
The three meningeal layers are the
Dura mater Arachnoid mater Pia mater
31
The dura mater is the
Outer layer of spinal cord
32
The arachnoid mater is the
Middle meningeal layer
33
The pia mater is the
Inner meningeal layer
34
The dura mater is
Tough and fibrous
35
The dura mater is the layer that forms the
Outermost covering of the spinal cord
36
This dura mater layer contains
Dense collagen fibres that are oriented along the longitudinal axis of the cord
37
The arachnoid mater is
The middle meningeal layer
38
The inner surface of the dura mater and the outer surface of the arachnoid mater are covered by
Simple squamous epithelia
39
The arachnoid mater includes this
Epithelium called the arachnoid membrane
40
The pia mater is the
Innermost meningeal layer
41
The pia mater is a mesh
Of collagen and elastic fibres
42
The pia mater is bound
To underlying neural tissue
43
The interlayer spaces of the arachnoid mater are the
Subdural space and the subarachnoid space
44
The sundial space is between
The arachnoid mater and dura mater
45
The subarachnoid space is between
The arachnoid mater and the pia mater
46
The subarachnoid space contains
Collagen/elastic fiber network (arachnoid tribeculae)
47
The subarachnoid space is filled
With cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
48
The cerebrospinal fluid acts as a
Shock absorber and carries dissolved gases, nutrients and wastes
49
The White mater of the spinal cord is
Superficial and contains myelinated and Unmyelinated axons
50
The gray mater surrounds the
Central canal of spinal cord
51
The gray mater of the spinal cord contains
Neuron cell bodies, neuroglia, Unmyelinated axons
52
The gray matter has
Projections (gray horns)
53
There are three types of gray horns
Posterior gray horns Anterior gray horns Lateral gray horns
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The posterior gray horns contain
Somatic and visceral sensory nuclei
55
The anterior gray horns contain
Somatic motor nuclei
56
The lateral gray horns are in
Thoracic and lumbar segments; contain visceral motor nuclei
57
Gray commissures are
Axons that cross from one side of cord to the other before reaching gray mater
58
The cell bodies of neurons form
Functional groups called nuclei of which there are two kinds
59
The two types of nuclei are
Sensory nuclei and motor nuclei
60
The sensory nuclei are
Dorsal (posterior) and connect to peripheral receptors
61
The motor nuclei are
Ventral (anterior) and connect to peripheral effectors
62
Sensory and motor nucleus located within gray mater determines
Which body part it controls
63
On each side of the spinal cord, in medial and lateral sequence, are somatic motor nuclei that control
1. Muscles that position the pectoral girdle 2. Muscles that move the arm 3. Muscles that move the forearm and hand 4. Muscles that move the hand and fingers
64
Because the spinal cord is so highly organised,
We can predict which muscles will be affected by damage to a specific area of gray mater
65
The White mater on each side of the spinal cord can be divided into
Three regions called columns
66
The three columns are the
Posterior white columns Anterior white columns Lateral white columns
67
Posterior white columns lie between
Posterior gray horns and posterior median sulcus
68
Anterior white columns lie between
Anterior gray horns and anterior median fissure
69
The anterior white commissure is area where
Axons cross from one side of spinal cord to the other
70
Lateral white columns located on
Each side of spinal cord between anterior and posterior columns
71
Each column contains tracts (fasciculi) whose
Axons share functional and structural characteristics
72
A tract, or fasciculus is a
Bundle of axons in the CNS that is somewhat uniform with respect to diameter, myelination, and conduction speed
73
All axons within a tract
Relay the same type of information (sensory or motor) in the same direction
74
Ascending tracts
Carry information to brain
75
Descending tracts
Carry motor commands to spinal cord
76
Spinal cord summary
``` Spinal cord has a narrow central canal Is surrounded by gray mater Containing sensory and motor nuclei: Sensory nuclei are dorsal Motor nuclei are ventral ```
77
Gray mater is covered by
A thick layer of White mater
78
White mater consists of
Ascending and descending axons Is organised in columns Contains axon bundles with specific functions
79
Spinal cord is so highly organised it is possible
To predict results of injuries to specific areas
80
Damage to the ventral root of a spinal nerve, which is composed of both visceral and somatic motor fibres,
Would interfere with motor function
81
A spinal reflex is a
Rapid, automatic response triggers by specific stimuli. Spinal reflexes are controlled in the spinal cord
82
The CNS is made up of brain and spinal cord while
Cranial nerves and spinal nerves constitute the PNS
83
Sensory nuclei recieve and relay sensory information from peripheral receptors whilst
Motor nuclei issue motor commands to peripheral effectors
84
A disease that damages myelin sheaths would affect the columns in the White matter of the spinal cord
Because the columns are composed of bundles of myelinated axons

Anatomy (8 decks)

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