Organism

Question 1

different succes in different environments
organisms adapt to environment
result of interaction w/ environment

Answer 1

natural selection

Question 2

conditions natural selcetion (2)

Answer 2

• variation must be heritable

- variation leads to difference in survival and reproduction

Question 3

difference to other generation

FACHBEGRIFF

Answer 3

Fitness (NS)

Question 4

process of NS

FACHBEGRIFF

Answer 4

evolution (NS)

Question 5

any heritable, morphological or physiological trait that has evolved through NS
(FACHBEGRIFF)

Answer 5

Adaption (NS)

Question 6

Study of adaption (NS)

Answer 6

relationship between organism and environment

Question 7

heritable DNA that codes for a specific trait

FACHBEGRIFF

Answer 7

Gene (NS)

Question 8

ententy of dna

FACHBEGRIFF

Answer 8

Genome (NS)

Question 9

random heritable change in a gene.
if favourable passed on to further generations
(FACHBEGRIFF)

Answer 9

Mutation (NS)

Question 10

outward / visible expression of a genome
can be influenced by enviroment
(FACHBEGRIFF)

Answer 10

Phenotype

Question 11

phentotypic plasticity

Answer 11

ability to adapt phenotype to environment
the bigger the plasticity, the more adaptable to all situation
plants with same genotype can haver different phenotype (low or high light conditions)

Question 12

reversible and irreversible plasticity

FACHBEGRIFFE

Answer 12

reversible:
ACCLIMATION -> changes to climate -> every season can be different -> earlier or late blooming
irreversible:
DEVELOPMENTAL PLASTICITY -> plants will keep low light growing character

Question 13

how distiguish genetic changes and phenotypic plasticity

Answer 13

two organsims under exact same conditions -> if the same -> same organism

Question 14

genetic information can be found:

Answer 14

withing subpopulations

among subpopulations = genetic differentiation

Question 15

gene pool

Answer 15

summ of all genetic information among a population

Question 16

different pressures (phenotype)

Answer 16

can give rise to a variety of genetic variation (pines in tundra or spain)

Question 17

geographic variation

Answer 17

clines and ecotypes

Question 18

continious change or geographic region (latitude, altitude, ect) of the phenotype
(FACHBEGRIFF)

Answer 18

cline

Question 19

abrupt changes -> unique to local environmental conditions
native ecotype always performs better
(FACHBEGRIFF)

Answer 19

ecotypes

Question 20

autrophs

Answer 20

only organsims that can transform CO2 into organic material (carbohydrates)

Question 21

photoautotrophs

Answer 21

use sunenergy to fix carbon by photosynthesis

Question 22

processes plant

Answer 22

• photosynthesis: light + CO2 + H2O -> sugars + oxygen + water
• cellular respiration: sugar + oxygen -> CO2 +H2O + ATP
• net ph.syn. (fixation of carbon) = (ph. syn.) - (cel.res.)

Question 23

stomata

Answer 23

opening on leaf surface
stomatal conductance driven by soil humidity
when ph.syn. and CO2 demand are reduced -> stomata closes

Question 24

transpiration

Answer 24

when stomata are open open and gas diffuses out
inside of cell is saturated compared to air
lower the humidity -> water diffuses out of leaf

Question 25

turgor pressure

Answer 25

force of water inside cell on outside best on maximum turgor low turgor -> high stress

Question 26

water potential (WP) order

Answer 26

WP atm < WP leaf < WP root < WP soil drives the soil-plant atomsphere continuum when stomata open (night) WP in leaf drops WP soil drops during time as water takes up water from soil -> when no rain gradient is lost!

Question 27

controlling stomata

Answer 27

important controlling mechanism of plant to cope with water availability

Question 28

water efficiency | FACHBEGRIFF

Answer 28

water use efficiency = ratio of carbvon fixed per unit water lost high WUE in deserts low WUE in tropics

Question 29

thickness of leafs

Answer 29

the thicker the leafs the more drought tolerant they are

Question 30

influence of solar radiation on plant (goes down)

Answer 30

PAR drops, temp of leaf and air, humidity, transpi (plant) , evapi (soil)

Question 31

plants in hot envi.

Answer 31

olive: deep roots, small leaves to regulate water loss and cope w/ drought stress

Question 32

phenotypic plasticity plants

Answer 32

aclimation to different environments

Question 33

Topt

Answer 33

tempreature under which a plant has optimal growing (ph. syn. , CO2 uptake) conditions (Topt changes through months)

Question 34

PAR

Answer 34

photosynthetically active ration

Question 35

heterotrophs

Answer 35

consuming organic compounds as energy source

Question 36

key processes of animals

Answer 36

eating food absorbing O2 maintaining body temp and water adapting to seasonal and envi. changes

Question 37

eat only plant tissues: - leaves, grasses - woody - seed - eat fruit (FACHBEGRIFFE)

Answer 37

``` herbivores grazers browsers granivores frugivores ```

Question 38

eat other animals | FACHBEGRIFF

Answer 38

carnivores

Question 39

eat animals and plants | FACHBEGRIFF

Answer 39

onmivores

Question 40

eat dead plants and animals | FACHBEGRIFF

Answer 40

detritivores

Question 41

respiration animals

Answer 41

cells diffuse (zooplancton) instects have body openings terrest. vertebrates have lungs fish have gills

Question 42

adaption animal desert

Answer 42

concetrated urine and dry feces active in night extract water from food high toleration to dehydration(50% of body weight)

Question 43

measures of animals to adapt

Answer 43

they are mobile (ex. can move from cold to warm

Question 44

process maintaining body temp | FACHBEGRIFF

Answer 44

thermoregulation

Question 45

maintaing body temp by exchange of thermal energy with environment (FACHBEGRIFF)

Answer 45

ectothermy

Question 46

maintaining body temp by metabolic processes in body | FACHBEGRIFF

Answer 46

endothermy

Question 47

animals with variable body temp | FACHBEGRIFF

Answer 47

poikilotherms

Question 48

animals with ~constant body temp | FACHBEGRIFF

Answer 48

homeotherms

Question 49

points in light availabilty | FACHBEGRIFF

Answer 49

LSP and LCP