Populations

Question 1

population

Answer 1

group same species in given envi.

Question 2

connective stems abovegrounf

connective stems below ground

both form 1 organism
(FACHBEGRIFF)

Answer 2

stolons rhizozomes

Question 3

Genet vs. Ramet

Answer 3

Genet (individual):
plant produced by sexual reproduction
Ramet (module):
A clone

Question 4

clonal group

FACHBEGRIFF

Answer 4

group of ramets

Question 5

corals, sponges, bryotoans, fungi, ect…

Answer 5

modular organisms

Question 6

distribution of population

Answer 6

spatial area inhabited by species

Question 7

species limited to small space

FACHBEGRIFF

Answer 7

endemic

Question 8

wide range of space (pine)

FACHBEGRIFF

Answer 8

ubiquitous

Question 9

limits of population

Answer 9

geographic barriers (mountains)
other species

Question 10

division of population

Answer 10

subpopulations living in small patches sorrounded by unhabitable habitate

Question 11

collection of subpopulations

Answer 11

metapopulation

Question 12

size of population + formula

Answer 12

defined by abundance (# of indiv.)

pop. density x area

Question 13

forms of distribution (3 + example)

Answer 13

random (independant on position of other individuals (flowers on field))
uniform (result of negative interaction -> minimal distance)
clumped (suitable found in groups (school of fish))

Question 14

how to determine abundance

Answer 14

complete count only possible if small area otherwise samples and calculation.
the more samples the preciser
mark and recapturate counts of vocalizations
animals tracks

Question 15

movement of individuals
importance
(FACHBEGRIFF)

Answer 15

DISPERSAL

assures geneflow between organisms

Question 16

passive dispersal

Answer 16

wind, water, gravity, animals

wind for plants
birds it fruit and shit kernel

Question 17

trees move up mountain due to climate change

Answer 17

plant dispersal

Question 18

organism movement (daily & seasonal)
examples
(FACHBEGRIFF)

Answer 18

MIGRATION
whales and birds (season)
bats leave cave and zooplankton that move up and down in water column(daily)

Question 19

human effect on population migration

FACHBEGRIFF

Answer 19

dispersal by humans
invasive species:
dominate native species (cat in australia & windmill palm (resistant to temperatures) in ticino)

Question 20

age structure yes or no?

Answer 20

only age structure when overlapping generations

not: seasonal plants yes: humans

Question 21

age classes(3)

how to find out age and class?

Answer 21

pre-productive
reproductive
post-productive

htfo?
mark young individuals and follow their through time
bones feeather and furr indicate
tree rings

Question 22

counting growth rings of tree

FACHBEGRIFF

Answer 22

dendrochronology

Question 23

effects on population size

when more and when less

Answer 23

population growth

+: birth, immigration

-: death, emmigration

Question 24

of indiv. surviving a given age

Answer 24

survirorship (given as proportion to birth size)

Question 25

measures of livetime types of surv.

Answer 25

life expectancy mortality curve (mortality rate vs. age) survirorship curve (survivorship rate vs. age) convex: most mortality at end (mammals) straight: survival rate constant (reptiles) concave: mortality highest at birth low in age(fish, pants)

Question 26

when die out

Answer 26

when deathrate exceeds birthrate

Question 27

small populations

Answer 27

higher risk of dying out demographic stochasticity - random variations in birthrate environmental stochasticity - random environment events

Question 28

human influence

Answer 28

currently 5000 animals & 7000 plants considered vulnerable

Question 29

condition to survive (population size) | FACHBEGRIFF

Answer 29

``` MVP (Minimum viable population): withstand: births and deaths environmental changes genetic drift catastrophic events ```

Question 30

determine MVP bighorn sheep

Answer 30

``` depends on life story vertrebrates ~1000 species species with high fluctuations ~10000 bighorn sheep study: 50 didnt survive 100 did over same time period ```

Question 31

condition to survive (territorium) (FACHBEGRIFF) species examples? measures to support

Answer 31

MDA (minimum dynamic area): enough resources home range size: family, indiv., ect.... carnivores need huge (2 mil. m^2) -> most found in nature reserves reconnecting landscapes (fuck roads , pipes, ect...)

Question 32

random variations in birthrate

Answer 32

demographic stochasticity

Question 33

random variations in environment

Answer 33

environ. stochasticity

Question 34

intraspecific pop. regulation (human) if everyone had the same

Answer 34

1 letter every 6.5 y one coffee every 60 days suffer from hunger 60 d/y

Question 35

density regulations 3! (FACHBEGRIFF)

Answer 35

density dependent mortality -> population increase -> mortality increase density dependent fecundity -> density increase -> fecundity decr. (fruchtbarkeit) desity independent -> floods, fires, storms

Question 36

when a ressource is limiting affects what? (FACHBEGRIFF)

Answer 36

competition | affects growth, survival, reproduction

Question 37

when a ressource is limiting in one species | FACHBEGRIFF

Answer 37

intraspecific competition

Question 38

when all individuals use less when stress | FACHBEGRIFF

Answer 38

scramble competition - > cows grasing on a field - > can lead to extinction

Question 39

when some individuals survive when stress | FACHBEGRIFF

Answer 39

contest competition -> only succesfull indiv. survive. the rest dies. but successors can survive and reproduce

Question 40

indirect interactions competition | FACHBEGRIFF

Answer 40

exploitation competition | one indiv. uses more and reduces amount for the rest (trees)

Question 41

direct interactions competition | FACHBEGRIFF

Answer 41

interference competition indiv. use resources to prevent other access ressources (eagles)

Question 42

population response to density elevation (notdying) | FACHBEGRIFF

Answer 42

self-thinnig -> trees get smaller to make more room for others

Question 43

why does a plant occupy a certain space

Answer 43

- > shading for smaller plants - > rooting system - > physically cover ground with leaves