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Applied Marine Biology year 1 > Organismal diversity-BNS1002-Test A > Flashcards

Organismal diversity-BNS1002-Test A Flashcards

1
Q

what % of the planet’s productivity is marine

A

roughly 50% of the planet’s primary productivity is marine

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2
Q

how does algal productivity compare to other sources in the same habitat

A

algal productivity is often higher than other sources in a habitat

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3
Q

what are algae in almost all marine food webs

A

algae are the base of almost all ,marine food webs

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4
Q

what do algae provide for organisms

A

algae provide food and habitats

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5
Q

what do algae produce as part of their metabolism

A

algae produce DMSP as part of their metabolism

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6
Q

what is DMSP broken down to

A

it is broken down to DMS

this is then expelled as a waste product

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7
Q

what is DMS

A

DMS is one of the main cloud nucleation compounds in the atmosphere

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8
Q

what are algae defined by

A

algae are defined by ecological traits

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9
Q

what is algae not

A

algae is not a taxonomic term
algae are not all descended from a common ancestor
algae are also not plants

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10
Q

why are algae not plants?

A

they lack a vascular system

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11
Q

how are algae associated with the fungi group

A

through lichens

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12
Q

what are lichens

A

not a single organism a symbiosis between algae and fungi
fungi-body
algae-primary production

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13
Q

what are prokaryotic algae called

A

cyanobacteria

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14
Q

where is cyanobacteria found

A

lichens
most soils
water

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15
Q

what do cyanobacteria contain

A

some membrane bound organelles; the thylakoids

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16
Q

what did cyanobacteria form with plants and what do chloroplasts still contain from them

A

they formed a symbiotic relationship with plants

chloroplasts of plants still contain thylakoids

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17
Q

what are algae

A

algae are protists

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18
Q

what are protists

A

polyphyletic group used to describe some organisms that do not fall into other groups

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19
Q

what else are algae grouped as

A

chromista

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20
Q

where are algae found

A

they live in a broad range of mostly aquatic habitats

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21
Q

what do algae contain a broader range of compared to plants

A

algae contain a broader range of photopigments than plants

22
Q

what are the two types of algae

A

micro and macro

23
Q

name 4 features of microalgae

A

they are too small to be seen with the naked eye
most are unicellular
most are solitary but some aggregate in colonies
may also grow in unbranched filaments

24
Q

how do the branched filaments of microalgae usually grow

A

usually grow attached-periphyton
those that float in ocean are known as phytoplankton
algae the aggregate on rocks are important parts of biofilms

25
Q

name 3 features of macroalgae

A

can be observable with the naked eye
include coenocytes with large bodies-one multinucleate cell
majority are parenchymatous bodies composed of tissues

26
Q

what 2 kinds of algae have the most species

A

green algae

diatoms and brown algae

27
Q

outline cyanobacteria (10)

A

named due to cyan photosynthetic pigment
classed as bacteria
prokaryotes
contain chlorophyll A
release oxygen through photosynthesis
diverse set of body forms from uni to multicellular
reproduce by binary fission
found in diverse array of habitats
certain cyanobacteria produce toxins that can be harmful to animals and humans

28
Q

name 3 habitats cyanobacteria are found in

A 
marine 
soils 
geothermal waters 
polar water 
hypersaline waters
29
Q

outline diatoms (4)

A

one of the most common types of phytoplankton
contribute to approximately 20% of global carbon fixation
occur as non-flagellate single cells or as cell aggregations
contain both fucoxanthin and chlorophyll c
cells are enclosed in a silica box known as the frustule or theca

30
Q

outline dinoflagellates (4)

A

mostly microscopic photosynthetic or heterotrophic cells that have two distinctive flagella
two flagella are known as longitudinal and transverse
phagotrophy is common in dinoflagellates
common in marine and freshwaters

31
Q

what is phagotrophy

A

feeding on particles such as the cells of other organisms

32
Q

outline coccolithophores (5)

A

characterised by coccolliths
unicellular contain both chlorophyll A and C
almost exclusively marine
display characteristic latitudinal and depth stratification
very useful in climate studies
super important for global carbon storage

33
Q

what are coccoliths

A

they are plates of calcium carbonate

34
Q

outline green algae (4)

A

green becuase they contain abundant chlorophyll a and b that are not concealed by coloured accessory pigments
appear to monophyletic group
range of body types
primarily aquatic and also found in terrestrial environments

35
Q

outline brown algae

A

diverse group including phytoplankto, periphyton and macroalgae
range in structure and size
most well known as phaeophyceans
brown due to presence of pigment fucoxanthin
exhibit complex organ, tissue and cellular specialisation
giant kelp forests major sequesters of carbon

36
Q

what is seaweed?

A 
generic term which is used to describe algae which are:
macroscopic 
multicellular 
red,green or brown algae 
usually attached to substrata
37
Q

where do you find macroalgae

A

typically found in intertidal and subtidal zones

38
Q

what does the thallus refer to

A

the whole organism (algae)

39
Q

what is the function of the holdfast

A

anchors the algae to the benthos

40
Q

what is the function of the stipe

A

connects the blade to the holdfast

usually very strong

41
Q

what is the function of bladders

A

gas filled and keep the thallus upright when immersed

42
Q

what is the function of receptacles

A

sex organs on large brown algae

43
Q

name 4 four challenges to plants survival on land

A 
desiccation 
water and mineral supply/transport 
structural/mechanical support 
fertilisation 
dispersal
44
Q

name the 3 classes of bryophytes

A

mosses
liverworts
hornworts

45
Q

outline 3 features of bryophytes

A 
gametophyte dominant 
can reproduce sexually and asexually 
no internal conducting system 
rely on surface water and capillary action 
primitive root like structures
46
Q

outline tracheophytes

A

contain vascular tissue that transport material
(xylem and phloem)
and have true roots stems and leaves

47
Q

what kind of cells are xylem made from and what does it transport

A

made from dead tube-shaped cells

transports water and minerals

48
Q

what kind of cells are phloem made from and what does it transport

A

living tissue
cells arranged into tubes
distribute sugars, amino acids and other organic products

49
Q

name 3 classes of pteridophytes

A

ferns
horsetails
club mosses

50
Q

name 2 two features of pteridophytes

A

have a vascular system
are sporophyte dominant
produce spores
can produce male and female spores

Applied Marine Biology year 1 (12 decks)

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