Organismal diversity-BNS1002-Test A

Question 1

what % of the planet’s productivity is marine

Answer 1

roughly 50% of the planet’s primary productivity is marine

Question 2

how does algal productivity compare to other sources in the same habitat

Answer 2

algal productivity is often higher than other sources in a habitat

Question 3

what are algae in almost all marine food webs

Answer 3

algae are the base of almost all ,marine food webs

Question 4

what do algae provide for organisms

Answer 4

algae provide food and habitats

Question 5

what do algae produce as part of their metabolism

Answer 5

algae produce DMSP as part of their metabolism

Question 6

what is DMSP broken down to

Answer 6

it is broken down to DMS

this is then expelled as a waste product

Question 7

what is DMS

Answer 7

DMS is one of the main cloud nucleation compounds in the atmosphere

Question 8

what are algae defined by

Answer 8

algae are defined by ecological traits

Question 9

what is algae not

Answer 9

algae is not a taxonomic term
algae are not all descended from a common ancestor
algae are also not plants

Question 10

why are algae not plants?

Answer 10

they lack a vascular system

Question 11

how are algae associated with the fungi group

Answer 11

through lichens

Question 12

what are lichens

Answer 12

not a single organism a symbiosis between algae and fungi
fungi-body
algae-primary production

Question 13

what are prokaryotic algae called

Answer 13

cyanobacteria

Question 14

where is cyanobacteria found

Answer 14

lichens
most soils
water

Question 15

what do cyanobacteria contain

Answer 15

some membrane bound organelles; the thylakoids

Question 16

what did cyanobacteria form with plants and what do chloroplasts still contain from them

Answer 16

they formed a symbiotic relationship with plants

chloroplasts of plants still contain thylakoids

Question 17

what are algae

Answer 17

algae are protists

Question 18

what are protists

Answer 18

polyphyletic group used to describe some organisms that do not fall into other groups

Question 19

what else are algae grouped as

Answer 19

chromista

Question 20

where are algae found

Answer 20

they live in a broad range of mostly aquatic habitats

Question 21

what do algae contain a broader range of compared to plants

Answer 21

algae contain a broader range of photopigments than plants

Question 22

what are the two types of algae

Answer 22

micro and macro

Question 23

name 4 features of microalgae

Answer 23

they are too small to be seen with the naked eye
most are unicellular
most are solitary but some aggregate in colonies
may also grow in unbranched filaments

Question 24

how do the branched filaments of microalgae usually grow

Answer 24

usually grow attached-periphyton
those that float in ocean are known as phytoplankton
algae the aggregate on rocks are important parts of biofilms

Question 25

name 3 features of macroalgae

Answer 25

can be observable with the naked eye include coenocytes with large bodies-one multinucleate cell majority are parenchymatous bodies composed of tissues

Question 26

what 2 kinds of algae have the most species

Answer 26

green algae | diatoms and brown algae

Question 27

outline cyanobacteria (10)

Answer 27

named due to cyan photosynthetic pigment classed as bacteria prokaryotes contain chlorophyll A release oxygen through photosynthesis diverse set of body forms from uni to multicellular reproduce by binary fission found in diverse array of habitats certain cyanobacteria produce toxins that can be harmful to animals and humans

Question 28

name 3 habitats cyanobacteria are found in

Answer 28

``` marine soils geothermal waters polar water hypersaline waters ```

Question 29

outline diatoms (4)

Answer 29

one of the most common types of phytoplankton contribute to approximately 20% of global carbon fixation occur as non-flagellate single cells or as cell aggregations contain both fucoxanthin and chlorophyll c cells are enclosed in a silica box known as the frustule or theca

Question 30

outline dinoflagellates (4)

Answer 30

mostly microscopic photosynthetic or heterotrophic cells that have two distinctive flagella two flagella are known as longitudinal and transverse phagotrophy is common in dinoflagellates common in marine and freshwaters

Question 31

what is phagotrophy

Answer 31

feeding on particles such as the cells of other organisms

Question 32

outline coccolithophores (5)

Answer 32

characterised by coccolliths unicellular contain both chlorophyll A and C almost exclusively marine display characteristic latitudinal and depth stratification very useful in climate studies super important for global carbon storage

Question 33

what are coccoliths

Answer 33

they are plates of calcium carbonate

Question 34

outline green algae (4)

Answer 34

green becuase they contain abundant chlorophyll a and b that are not concealed by coloured accessory pigments appear to monophyletic group range of body types primarily aquatic and also found in terrestrial environments

Question 35

outline brown algae

Answer 35

diverse group including phytoplankto, periphyton and macroalgae range in structure and size most well known as phaeophyceans brown due to presence of pigment fucoxanthin exhibit complex organ, tissue and cellular specialisation giant kelp forests major sequesters of carbon

Question 36

what is seaweed?

Answer 36

``` generic term which is used to describe algae which are: macroscopic multicellular red,green or brown algae usually attached to substrata ```

Question 37

where do you find macroalgae

Answer 37

typically found in intertidal and subtidal zones

Question 38

what does the thallus refer to

Answer 38

the whole organism (algae)

Question 39

what is the function of the holdfast

Answer 39

anchors the algae to the benthos

Question 40

what is the function of the stipe

Answer 40

connects the blade to the holdfast | usually very strong

Question 41

what is the function of bladders

Answer 41

gas filled and keep the thallus upright when immersed

Question 42

what is the function of receptacles

Answer 42

sex organs on large brown algae

Question 43

name 4 four challenges to plants survival on land

Answer 43

``` desiccation water and mineral supply/transport structural/mechanical support fertilisation dispersal ```

Question 44

name the 3 classes of bryophytes

Answer 44

mosses liverworts hornworts

Question 45

outline 3 features of bryophytes

Answer 45

``` gametophyte dominant can reproduce sexually and asexually no internal conducting system rely on surface water and capillary action primitive root like structures ```

Question 46

outline tracheophytes

Answer 46

contain vascular tissue that transport material (xylem and phloem) and have true roots stems and leaves

Question 47

what kind of cells are xylem made from and what does it transport

Answer 47

made from dead tube-shaped cells | transports water and minerals

Question 48

what kind of cells are phloem made from and what does it transport

Answer 48

living tissue cells arranged into tubes distribute sugars, amino acids and other organic products

Question 49

name 3 classes of pteridophytes

Answer 49

ferns horsetails club mosses

Question 50

name 2 two features of pteridophytes

Answer 50

have a vascular system are sporophyte dominant produce spores can produce male and female spores