Organization of Data Flashcards
(35 cards)
Define data.
used to describe a set of numbers
Define raw score.
used to indicate a measurement of some type for a single studentq
The raw scores make up what we call the ______ for any specific measure.
data
When we gather data on a large number of students you find the ______ for each individual may be different.
raw score
What is descriptive statistics?
- testing the characteristics and abilities of an individual or group and using this data for evaluation
- entire group is tested
- no attempt is made to use their results to predict the characteristics of any larger group
Give an example of descriptive statistics.
- if we tested a group of 15 female soccer players, the results would only apply to that group of 15
- It would not apply to all female soccer players.
What is inferential statistics?
testing the characteristics and abilities of a sample and generalizing about the entire population
Give an example of inferential statistics.
- taking a sample of 25 out of 150 Kinesiology students
- testing these 25, and then using their results to make predictions or assumptions of the entire group that they would have similar characteristics
- The sample of 25 would have to be representative of the entire population.
What is empirical research?
- based on observed and measured phenomena
- derives knowledge from actual experience rather than from theory or belief
What is data from empirical research called?
empirical data
What are the 4 levels of measurement?
- nominal scale
- ordinal scale
- interval scale
- ratio scale
Describe the nominal scale.
- most simple
- nom means name
- uses numbers to describe or name categories
Give an example of the nominal scale.
- in football we use numbers in the 40’s to designate fullbacks, 60’s for guards, 70’s for tackles, 80’s for ends and so on.
- A player whose number is 96, of course, is not twice as good, or valuable as a player whose number is 43.
Describe the ordinal scale.
- the numbers have a ranked value
- First place is better than third place, although we may not know by how much
- cardinal numbers (one, two, three etc.)
Give an example of the ordinal scale.
- the order of finish in a cross country meet
- their place is determined not by their exact time, but by their rank
______ numbers may be used in arithmetic operations, where as ordinal numbers cannot be used logically.
cardinal
Why is the interval scale better than the ordinal scale?
it tells you how much better a person is than another
Describe the interval scale.
- measurements have equal intervals
- interval numbers are cardinal
- the values within the scale of numbers are equal (equal intervals)
- rank is implied
- no true zero point
Why are interval numbers cardinal?
you could say that one’s increase was twice as much as the other
The highest level of measurement is called …
the ratio scale
Measurements in the category of the ratio scale fall on a scale that has:
- direction
- equal intervals
- true zero point
In physical education most of our measurements fall into which level of measurement?
the ratio scale
Because the scale has equal intervals and a true zero…
all arithmetic operations are possible (addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division) with the data
Why is it hard to categorize the level of measurement for HR?
- depends on whether the assumption is made that the person is alive
- measurement is rate/minute but is measured on a scale that begins at zero (a ratio scale)
- live humans have a range of a normal heart rate of between 40 - 100 B.P.M. (an interval scale because no living human would have a heart rate of zero).
