Organization of NS/Spinal Reflex Connections

Question 1

what does extrinsic control maintain and do?

Answer 1

homeostasis
glandular activity
control of movements
perception of environments
transfer of information
storage information

Question 2

what do neurological exams evaluate?

Answer 2

mental status and behavior
cranial nerves
spinal reflex
proprioception
muscle strength and tone
coordination
gait

Question 3

what are the anatomical components of a neural circuit?

Answer 3

inputs (afferents)
integrators
outputs (efferents)

Question 4

what is the functional components of sensory inputs, computational units, and output nerves?

Answer 4

sensory inputs - sensory neuron/receptor
computational units - brains and ganglia
output nerves - output to skeletal muscle, SM or glands

Question 5

what are the two divisions of the peripheral NS?

Answer 5

afferent
efferent

Question 6

what are the divisions of efferent?

Answer 6

somatic NS - voluntary
autonomic NS - involuntary

Question 7

what does the afferent division of the PNS break down into?

Answer 7

sensory and visceral stimuli

Question 8

what are the divisions of the somatic, and autonomic NS?

Answer 8

somatic - motor
autonomic - sympathetic, parasympathetic, enteric NS

Question 9

what does the cotton ball test test?

Answer 9

sensory - visual
motor - eye movement

Question 10

what are the 4 types of movement?

Answer 10

1. voluntary movement
2. postural movement
3. rhythmic movement
4. reflex movement

Question 11

what type of movement is the cotton bell test?

Answer 11

voluntary

Question 12

what type of movement is skeletal muscle holding up posture?

Answer 12

postural

Question 13

what type of movement walking, chewing, breathing?

Answer 13

rhythmic

Question 14

what type of movement in response to a stimulus?

Answer 14

reflex

Question 15

what are the two major cell types of the nervous system?

Answer 15

neurons
neuroglia

Question 16

what part of the nerve produces neuropeptides?

Answer 16

Soma - body
golgi apparatus & rER

Question 17

what part of the neuron is the site of synapse?

Answer 17

dendrites/dendritic spines

Question 18

what is the primary neuronal output?

Answer 18

axon

Question 19

what part of the neuron releases neurotransmitters?

Answer 19

synaptic terminal of the axon

Question 20

what are the CNS neuroglia?

Answer 20

astrocytes
microglia
ependymal cells
oligodendrocytes

Question 21

what are the PNS neuroglia?

Answer 21

schwann cells

Question 22

what are the 3 types of nerve fibers that occur in the PNS?

Answer 22

A,B,C

Question 23

Order A nerve fibers from largest to smallest

Answer 23

Aa, AB, Ad

Question 24

Order A nerve fibers from fastest to slowest

Answer 24

Aa, AB, Ad

Question 25

which nerve fiber has the muscle spindle and golgi tendon information?

Answer 25

Aa

Question 26

which nerve fiber is proprioceptors of skeletal muscle?

Answer 26

Aa

Question 27

which nerve fiber has the muscle spindle, touch, and proprioception?

Answer 27

AB

Question 28

which nerve fiber carries pain and temperature?

Answer 28

Ad

Question 29

which nerve fiber is a mechanoreceptor of the skin?

Answer 29

AB

Question 30

which nerve fiber is a mechanical nociceptor?

Answer 30

Ad

Question 31

which nerve fiber are preganglionic efferent ANS fibers?

Answer 31

B

Question 32

what nerve fiber carries information of temperature, dull pain, and itch?

Answer 32

C fibers

Question 33

Is the dorsal root/dorsal horn afferent or efferent?

Answer 33

afferent

Question 34

Is the ventral root/ventral horn afferent or efferent?

Answer 34

efferent

Question 35

what are the two neuron chains?

Answer 35

upper motor neurons lower motor neurons

Question 36

Is the lateral corticopsinal and ventral corticospinal part of UMN or LMN?

Answer 36

UMN

Question 37

where does the lateral and ventral corticospinal cross?

Answer 37

lateral - medulla ventral - cross at termination of spinal cord/ uncrossed

Question 38

where are UMN and LMNs?

Answer 38

UMN - primary motor cortex LMN - spinal cord

Question 39

what are the pathways that control movement? (UMN)

Answer 39

-lateral corticospinal -rubrospinal -ventral corticospinal -vestinbulospinal, reticulospinal, tectospinal tract

Question 40

what two descending efferent pathways are crossed?

Answer 40

lateral corticospinal rubrospinal

Question 41

what are the two descending efferent pathways that are uncrossed?

Answer 41

ventral corticospinal vestibulospinal;reticulospial;tectospinal

Question 42

which two descending efferent pathways involve voluntary skeletal muscle control?

Answer 42

lateral corticospinal ventral corticopspinal

Question 43

what two descending efferent pathways involve involuntary skeletal muscle control?

Answer 43

rubrospinal vestibulospinal; reticulospinal; tectospinal

Question 44

Is CDM a UMN or LMN disease?

Answer 44

starts UMN and progresses to LMN primarily UMN

Question 45

what is the initial presentation of canine DM?

Answer 45

UMN paresis localized to T3-L3 spinal segments, spastic paresis, exaggerated reflexes

Question 46

what is it important to rule out when diagnosing DM?

Answer 46

spinal compression

Question 47

which diameter of fibers lose function first - large or small?

Answer 47

large first then small

Question 48

which is a better prognosis - tactile function lost or deep pain lost?

Answer 48

tactile function lost

Question 49

what is feline diabetic neuropathy associated with?

Answer 49

diabetes mellitus

Question 50

Is feline diabetic neuropathy a UMN or LMN disease?

Answer 50

LMN

Question 51

what is the presentation of cats with feline diabetic neuropathy?

Answer 51

plantigrade stance sensory nerve dysfunction

Question 52

what are the two types of reflexes?

Answer 52

simple or basic acquired or conditioned

Question 53

what are the 5 basic component of a reflex circuit

Answer 53

receptor afferent pathway integrating center efferent pathway effector

Question 54

List proprioceptors involved in reflexes

Answer 54

golgi tendon organ muscle spindles

Question 55

List nociceptor involved in reflexes

Answer 55

free nerve endings in joint capsules and skin

Question 56

what does golgi tendon organs measure?

Answer 56

tension

Question 57

what does muscle spindles measure?

Answer 57

velocity of length change length of muscle fiber

Question 58

what afferents innervate muscle spindles? what does each detect?

Answer 58

group 1A afferents - detect velocity of length change group 2 - detect length of muscle fiber

Question 59

what motorneurons innervate muscle spindles?

Answer 59

static Y dynamic Y

Question 60

which motor neurons and afferents innervate nuclear-bag fibers?

Answer 60

group 1A dynamic y

Question 61

which motor neurons and afferents innervate nuclear chain fibers?

Answer 61

Group 1A group 2 static y

Question 62

when a muscle is stretch which afferents are activated?

Answer 62

group 1A and group 2

Question 63

what is the role of a fibers and y fibers in a-y coactivation?

Answer 63

A-motor neurons activate extrafusal fibers -> shortening of muscle y-motor neurons activate intrafusal fibers -> shortening of muscle spindle

Question 64

what dose the monosynaptic stretch reflex maintain?

Answer 64

posture and muscle tone

Question 65

Map out the flow of a monosynaptic stretch reflex (measured by -> activate -> excite)

Answer 65

stretch measures by muscle spindle -> activates sensory neuron -> a motor neuron excitation

Question 66

what does the 2 or more synpases in a polysnaptic stretch reflex allow for?

Answer 66

reciprocal innervation

Question 67

which is faster monosynaptic or polysynaptic stretch reflex?

Answer 67

monosynaptic

Question 68

Map out the flow of a polysnaptic stretch reflex

Answer 68

sensory neuron -> interneuron -> motor neuron

Question 69

which polysynaptic reflex activates extensors and inhibits opposing flexor?

Answer 69

stretch

Question 70

which polysynaptic reflex activates flexors and inhibits opposing extensors?

Answer 70

pain

Question 71

Map out the flow of a flexor withdrawl reflex

Answer 71

noxious stimulus activates nociceptor -> afferent pathway -> integrating center (spinal cord) -> efferent pathway -> flexor contract, extensor relax

Question 72

what allows for weight to be shifted to uninjured leg so we dont fall in the event of noxious stimulus to a root?

Answer 72

crossed extensor reflex

Question 73

what does the crossed extensor do?

Answer 73

contracts extensor muscle of opposite limb flexes muscle of opposite limb

Question 74

what are the ascending afferent pathways?

Answer 74

dorsal lemniscus columns ventral spinothalamic lateral spinothalamic

Question 75

what does the dorsal lemniscus columns sense?

Answer 75

conscious muscle sense - awareness of body positions, crossed touch, pressure, vibration

Question 76

what does the lateral spinothalamic sense?

Answer 76

pain and temperature

Question 77

what does the ventral spinothalamic sense?

Answer 77

touch

Question 78

which two ascending afferent pathways cross?

Answer 78

lateral and ventral spinothalamic

Question 79

what is the cutaneous trunchi (panniculus) reflex?

Answer 79

cutaneous trunchi muscle sensory neurons respond to tactile stimulation -> skin contractions

Question 80

what happens if there is a lesion to the spinal cord that blocks the conduction of the afferent sensory tracts of the cutaneous trunch muscle?

Answer 80

arefexia - tactile stimulation no longer produces contractions

Question 81

what proprioception collected through?

Answer 81

golgi, muscle spindles, free nerve endings

Question 82

what is a segmental reflex?

Answer 82

transverse one or few segments of brain divisions

Question 83

what is a intersegmental reflex?

Answer 83

transverses several segments of spinal cord or several brain divisions

Question 84

what is a long-loop intersegmental reflex?

Answer 84

transverses many segments of spinal cord and/or brain divisions, enter and leaves CNS at same location

Question 85

which is a segmental, intersegmental, and long-loop intersegmental reflex?

Answer 85

A - segmental B - intersegmental C - long-loop intersegmental

Question 86

fill in the chart for the menace test

Answer 86