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Physiology > Pain and Vestibular Control > Flashcards

Pain and Vestibular Control Flashcards

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1
Q

Map pain from stimulus to perception

A

transduction ->transmission ->modulation -> perception

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2
Q

what is transduction?

A

translation of noxious stimulus into neural activity

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3
Q

what is transmission?

A

propagation of nerve impulses from receptors into CNS

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4
Q

what is modulation?

A

facilitation of inhibition of neurons and interneurons in spinal cord

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5
Q

what is perception?

A

result of the integration of projection pathways with modulation to produce the final conscious, subjective and emotional response

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6
Q

what are the stimulus energies of nociception?

A

mechanical deformation
application of chemicals
change in temperature

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7
Q

how does mechanical deformation cause nociception?

A

stretches or damages the receptor membrane and open ion channels

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8
Q

how does application of chemicals cause nociception?

A

opens ion channels in chemoreceptors

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9
Q

how does changes in temperatures cause nociception?

A

alters permeability of membrane of thermoreceptors

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10
Q

what is pain detected through?

A

free nerve endings

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11
Q

what are the nerve fibers that detect pain?

A

Ad fibers
C fibers

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12
Q

what type of pain does Ad fibers detect?

A

immediate, sharp

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13
Q

what type of pain does C fibers detect?

A

dull, burning pain

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14
Q

does pain occur in the brain?

A

NO

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15
Q

what type of channels do warm and cold receptors have?

A

transient receptor potential (TRP) channels

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16
Q

what receptor increases AP frequency with an increase in temperature?

A

warm receptor

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17
Q

where are warm receptors located?

A

C nerve fibers

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18
Q

what receptor increases AP frequency with a decrease in temp?

A

Ad fibers

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19
Q

when are heat nociceptors activated?

A

> 45 degrees celsius

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20
Q

what type of nociceptors are in Ad fibers?

A

mechanical - mechanical damage (cutting, crushing, pinching)
noxious thermal - extreme heat and cold

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21
Q

what type of nociceptors are in C fibers?

A

thermal - thermal gradients
polymodal - various noxious damaging stimuli (thermal, mechanical, chemical)

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22
Q

how is pain transmitted to the brain?

A

3-neuron afferent pathway

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23
Q

what are the 3 neurons needed to convey pain?

A

first-order sensory neuron -> second-order sensory neuron -> third-order sensory neuron

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24
Q

which neurons are in the PNS and the CNS for pain afferent pathway?

A

PNS - first-order
CNS - second-order, third-order

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25
what do first order neuron synapses onto?
2nd order neuron in spinal cord
26
what do second order neuron synapse onto?
thalamus - perception of pain
27
what do 3rd order neuron synapse onto?
somatosensory cortex - location of pain
28
what spinothalamic tract transmits pain?
lateral spinothalamic
29
what is a non-adapting receptor?
nociceptors are activated as long as lesion is present
30
what is hyperalgesia?
an increased insensitivity to pain
31
what type of fiber and pain does initial injury stimulate?
acute pain sensation Ad fibers
32
what type of fibers and pain is present for pain over time?
dull pain sensation increases in intensity C fibers
33
what does the inflammatory response release?
bradykinins, prostaglandins, substance P
34
what does bradykinins in ECF stimulate?
polymodoal nociceptors and contribute to tissue inflammation
35
what does substance P stimulate?
mast cells to release histamine
36
how does substance P enhance pain sensitivity?
bind neurokinin 1 receptors in neurons -> vasodilation and inflammation -> sensitizes afferent pain fibers to inc pain perception
37
what causes central sensitization?
repeated stimulation of dorsal horn neurons
38
what make C fibers more sensitive?
recruitment of additional glutamate receptors
39
what constitutes a memory of the state of c-fiber nociceptors?
repeated stimulation of dorsal horn neurons recruitment of additional glutamate receptors
40
what mechanisms are the pain-relieving pathway?
endogenous opioid mechanisms
41
how do endogenous opioids relieve pain?
activate opiate receptors -> block release of substance P in spinal cord and preiaqueductal gray matter of midbrain
42
how does enkephalin relieve pain?
inhibit release of substance P
43
what are the analgesia endogenous opioid substances?
enkephalin, endorphins, dynorphins
44
what blocks opioid substances?
naloxone u-opioid receptor competitive antagonist
45
what type of opiate receptors are concentrated in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord?
u-receptors
46
what locations in this pathway would morphine act?
dorsal horn raphe nucleus
47
what are the methods of exogenous pain control?
serotonin & norepinephrine NSAIDs Endocannabinoids Exogenous opioids
48
how does serotonin and norepinephrine modulate pain?
stimulate enkephalin release interneurons or pain modulating nuclei in brainstem
49
what does the vestibular system meaure?
static tilt of the head linear acceleration rotary acceleration
50
what movements are facilitated by the vestibular system?
correction of posture and balance maintain focus of the eyes and head moves
51
what do the two ampulla connect to?
utricle and saccule
52
what do the sensory nerves in the hair cells lead into?
vestibulocochloear nerve
53
what does bending toward the large cilia in a hair cell lead to?
K+ channels open -> depolarization -> exocytosis of neurotransmitters glutamate and aspartate
54
what does bending the hair cells in the ampullae in the opposite direction lead to?
hyperpolarization
55
what direction of the hair cells in the ampullae excites and inhibits?
excites - toward largest inhibit - away from largest
56
what can the semicircular canals detect?
rotational acceleration and deceleration
57
what does the utricle and saccule detect?
linear acceleration and deceleration
58
what orientation is the utricle macula?
horizontal
59
what orientation is the saccule macula?
vertical
60
what happens in the utricle and saccule when a head tilts?
otoliths will pull down causing firing rates to change
61
Fill in the blanks 1. utricle and saccule otolith organs project to the ________________ to facilitate ____________________ 2. crista ampulla of semicircular canals feed ____________________ to provide compensatory eye movements in response to rotation 3. ____________________________________ receives and returns inputs to fine tune coordination of postural and oculomotor reflexes
1. utricle and saccule otolith organs project to the **vestibulospinal tracts** to facilitate **a-y coactivation** 2. crista ampulla of semicircular canals feed **medial longitudinal fasciculus** to provide compensatory eye movements in response to rotation 3. **Flocculonodular node of cerebellum** recieves and returns inputs to fine tune coordination of postural and oculomotor reflexes
62
what is the goal of the vestibuloocular reflex?
move extraocular eye muscles to maintain visual contact with target
63
what is the goal of the vestibulospinal reflex?
stabilize body
64
what reflex is this testing?
vestibulospinal reflex
65
what is activated when the head is rotated and extensors are activated on the side where the head is rotated?
vestibular nerve and nucleus lateral and medial vestibulospinal tracts
66
which reflex maintains eyes on visual target while head/body is in motion?
vestibulo-ocular
67
which reflex does the head and neck muscles adjust to maintain head position?
vestibulo-collic
68
what is the goal of the vestibulocollic reflex in birds?
maintain position of head
69
what are the two types of vestibular syndrome?
peripheral - labyrinth within petrosal bone affected central disease. -brain stem affected
70
which vestibular syndrome is head tilt associated with?
peripheral condition
71
which vestibular syndrome is paresis/hemiparesis and gait and posture affects associated with?
central disease
72
what can a middle ear infection lead to?
head tilt, pressure difference -> unbalanced action potential frequency between affected and normal ear

Physiology (8 decks)

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