Organization of the lower limb

Question 1

why is the joint at the hip more secure but LESS mobile than the upper ilmb

Answer 1

it is more stable because the acetabulum captures the head of the femur to a greater degree than does the glenoid cavity

but this decreases the hip joints mobility

Question 2

what does the capsule of the hip joint do?

Answer 2

helps with stability

limites extension and abduction

DOES LITTLE to inhibit flexion

Question 3

what type of joint is the knee joint

Answer 3

modified hinge joint

Question 4

what allows for climbing and running?

Answer 4

modified hinge joint at knee coupled with flexion at the hip

Question 5

what is the role of the fibula. what does it NOT do?

Answer 5

mainly provides muscle attachment site

assists in forming mortise for ankle joint

DOES NOT add to stability or strength

Question 6

what does the ankle joint allow for?

Answer 6

hinge joint

needed to jump and run

Question 7

what is the purpose of the multiple jointed feet?

Answer 7

allows for spring needed for cushioned landing and for negotiating uneven surfaces

Question 8

what are the layers of the superficial fascia?

Answer 8

fatty layer

membranous layer

Question 9

what is in the space between the fatty layer and the membranous layer of superficial fascia?

Answer 9

superficial inguinal lymph nodes

subcutaneous blood vessels and nerves

Question 10

what is deep fascia attached to superiorly and inferiorly?

Answer 10

most of the inferior aspect of the bony pelvis and is attached below to bony prominences at the knee and ankle

Question 11

what is fascia lata

Answer 11

most superior portion of deep fascia

surrounds the thigh and a portion of the gluteal region

Question 12

what is the gluteal aponeurosis

Answer 12

thickened portion of the fascia lata which extends inferiorly from the posterior portion of the iliac crest and forms and incomplete intermuscular septum between the gluteus maximus and medus muscles

Question 13

iliotibial tract

Answer 13

lateral thickening of the fascia lata which serves as a tendon for the tensor fascia kata and gluteus maximus muscles

Question 14

what does the iliotibial tract attach to

Answer 14

to the tibia

head of the fibula and blends with the capsule of the knee joint

Question 15

where is the saphenous vein opening?

Answer 15

it is a circular opening in the superior anteromedial portion of the fascia lata below the inguinal ligament

presents a falciform margin (sickle shaped)

is underlain with fascia cribrosa and transmits the great saphenous v

part of superior fascia lata

Question 16

what is crural fascia?

Answer 16

fascia that is an extension of fascia lata below the knee

Question 17

anterior and posterior intermuscular septa of crural fascia are what and do what?

Answer 17

inward extensions of crural fascia to the fibula

delineate anterior and lateral crural compartments

Question 18

what does the transverse intermuscular septa of the crural fascia do?

Answer 18

attaches between the tibia and fibula posteriorly

delineates superficial and deep posterior compartments

Question 19

what does the retinacula of the ankle do?

Answer 19

prevents tendon bowstringing

Question 20

where are the superior and inferior extensor retinacula

Answer 20

anterior surface

looks like a Z

Question 21

where are the superior and inferior fibular retinacula

Answer 21

lateral surface of ankle

Question 22

where is the flexor retinaculum

Answer 22

posteriormedial surface of ankle

Question 23

what is the fascia of the dorsum of the foot continuous with?

Answer 23

extensor retinaculum

Question 24

what is the plantar aponeurosis

Answer 24

its a thickened central component of the plantar fascia

Question 25

what is the major function of muscles located in the anterior femoral compartment?

Answer 25

quads and sartorius flex thigh and/or extend the leg

Question 26

what supplies blood and innervation to the anterior femoral compartment

Answer 26

femoral artery and n

Question 27

what is found in the femoral triangle?

Answer 27

femoral vein and artery and nerve | deep inguinal lymph nodes

Question 28

what covers the femoral triangle?

Answer 28

fascia lata

Question 29

what are the boundaries of the femoral triangle

Answer 29

inguinal ligament sartorius adductor longus

Question 30

what is the main action of muscles in the medial femoral compartment

Answer 30

flex adduct rotate the thigh

Question 31

what supplies blood and innervates the medial femoral compartment ?

Answer 31

branches of the obturator artery and nerve distribute within this compartment

Question 32

what is the adductor canal?

Answer 32

canal connecting the femoral triangle with the popliteal fossa

Question 33

what is the adductor canal bounded by? and what is found inside it?

Answer 33

sartorius adductor musculature vastus medialis found inside is the femoral artery, vein, saphenous nerve and nerve to the vastus medialis

Question 34

what is the main action of the superficial compartment muscles of the gluteal compartment

Answer 34

these muscles mimic the deltoid muscle abducts flexes andmedially rotates thigh extends andlaterally rotates the thigh

Question 35

what do the deep compartment muscles of the gluteal compartment do?

Answer 35

abduct and laterally rotate the thigh

Question 36

what nerve passes through the gluteal compartment?

Answer 36

sciatic

Question 37

what branches of arteries and nerves distribute to the gluteal compartment ?

Answer 37

superior and inferior gluteal artery and nerve

Question 38

what is the main action of muscles located within the posterior femoral compartment?

Answer 38

flex the leg extend the thigh

Question 39

what arterial supply and innervation supplies the posterior femoral compartment?

Answer 39

branches of the deep femoral artery and vein sciatic nerve (traverses the entire length)

Question 40

what is the popliteal fossa bounded by?

Answer 40

``` semimembranosus semitendinosus biceps femoris gastrocnemius fascia lata ```

Question 41

what does the popliteal fossa contain?

Answer 41

popliteal a and its branches popliteal v bifurcation of sciatic nerve into its common fibular and tibial branches

Question 42

what do the muscles of superficial compartment of the posterior crural compartment do?

Answer 42

flex the leg plantar flex the foot includes: gastrocnemius soleus plantaris

Question 43

what is the main action of the deep compartment muscles of the posterior crural compartment ?

Answer 43

plantar flex | invert the foot

Question 44

what innervates the posterior crural compartment?

Answer 44

tibial nerve and tibial artery

Question 45

what do the muscles of the lateral crural compartment do? what innervates this compartment

Answer 45

plantar flex and evert the foot branches of the superficial fibular n. and fibular a.

Question 46

what do the muscles of the anterior crural compartment do?

Answer 46

dorsi flex and invert the foot extends toes assists in eversion of the foot

Question 47

what is the innervation of the anterior crural compartment

Answer 47

deep fibular n. | anterior tibial a.

Question 48

what are the four compartments of the foot? what innervates and supplies blood to this

Answer 48

medial lateral central interosseous posterior tibial a (bifurcates to form lateral and medial plantar aa.) tibial n (bifurcates to form the lateral and medial plantar nn.

Question 49

what is the major artery of the lower limb?

Answer 49

femoral a

Question 50

when does the femoral a become the popliteal

Answer 50

upon escaping the adductor canal

Question 51

when does the popliteal a bifurcate to become anterior and posterior tibial arteries ?

Answer 51

upon exiting the popliteal fossa

Question 52

what does the posterior tibial a provide circulation for?

Answer 52

posterior and lateral compartment (via fibular a.) of the leg and plantar surface of the foot

Question 53

where are the major anastomoses in the lower limb located?

Answer 53

hip knee ankle foot

Question 54

where does the great saphenous vein begin?

Answer 54

begins on the medial side of the dorsum of the foot

Question 55

where does the great saphenous vein ascend

Answer 55

medially along the leg and thigh ANTERIOR to the medial malleolus at the ankle POSTERIOR to the medial condyle of the femur at the knee parallels the corse of the saphenous nerve in the leg

Question 56

when does the saphenous vein empty into the femoral vein?

Answer 56

after passing through the saphenous vein opening of the fascia lata

Question 57

where does the lesser saphenous vein begin

Answer 57

on the lateral side of the dorsum of the foot

Question 58

what is the path of the lesser saphenous vein

Answer 58

ascends behind the lateral malleolus and along the midline of the calf paralleling the course of the sural n. pierces the crural fascia to join the popliteal vein

Question 59

what is a problem that can happen with superficial veins?

Answer 59

because they have valves, due to increased back flow and subsequent valvular incompetency these can form varicosities ALSO these veins are used in coronary by=pass surgery

Question 60

what is the cord levels of femoral nerve

Answer 60

L2 3 4

Question 61

where does the femoral nerve enter the leg?

Answer 61

deep to the inguinal ligament and enters the femoral triangle

Question 62

what does the femoral nerve innervate?

Answer 62

anterior femoral musculature and skin of the anterior thigh, medial leg and medial foot

Question 63

what are the cord levels of the obturator n

Answer 63

L2 3 4

Question 64

where does the obturator nerve enter the thigh

Answer 64

via the obturator canal sends a posterior branch behind the obturator muscle and an anterior branch in front of this muscle

Question 65

what does the obturator nerve provide innervation for?

Answer 65

motor innervation to the adductor muscles of the thigh cutaneous innervation to the medial surface of the thigh

Question 66

what are the cord levels of the sciatic nerve

Answer 66

L4, 5 | S 1 2 3

Question 67

where does the sciatic nerve exit the pelvis? and where does it run thereafter and split into?

Answer 67

via the greater sciatic foramen courses through the posterior thigh to bifurcate in the popliteal fossa into tibial and common fibular nn.

Question 68

what does the sciate n innervate

Answer 68

all of the posterior thigh, leg, and plantar musculature specific cutaneous areas

Question 69

cutaneous innervation of the lower limb is accomplished by branches of what?

Answer 69

branches of the lumbar and sacral plexuses (VENTRAL rami of spinal nerves L1-L2) and DORSAL rami of spinal nerves L1-L3 and S1-S3 \

Question 70

dermatomes of the lower limb invovle what spinal cord levels?

Answer 70

L1-S2 spiral around the limb from lateral to medial in "barber pole" fashion

Question 71

where is the L4 dermatome

Answer 71

located anterior to the greater trochanter | overlays the patella, medial malleolus and great toe

Question 72

where is S1 and S2 dermatomes

Answer 72

both descend the middle of the posterior thigh and leg S1 overlays the lateral malleolus S2 is located on the medial plantar surface of the heel

Question 73

where are L4,5 and S1

Answer 73

cross the dorsum and plantar surface of the foot from medial to lateral