Organization of the Nervous System I

Question 1

The masses of nerve cell bodies associated with the particular nerve and located as an enlargement, juncture or separation point with another peripheral nerve.

Answer 1

Ganglia

Question 2

The processes of neurons specialized to receive the impulses moving towards the cell.

Answer 2

Dendrites

Question 3

They appear as protruded small bulbous structures that help expand the area of contact to other neurons even farther.

Answer 3

Dendritic spines

Question 4

The process of neuron that conducts the impulse away from the cell.

Answer 4

Axon

Question 5

A fatty white, glistening lipoprotein that allow more rapid propagation of the impulse along the axon.

Answer 5

Myelin sheath

Question 6

The thicker axons conduct impulses __________ than thinner ones because they are myelinated.

Answer 6

more rapidly

Question 7

The primary means of contact by which the neuron elicits responses in target cells by a release of neurotransmitter.

Answer 7

Synapse

Question 8

What are the 4 types of neuroglial cells in the central nervous system?

Answer 8

astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and ependyma

Question 9

The nueroglial cells that allow for neural plasticity and help brain adapt to injury.

Answer 9

Astrocytes

Question 10

The neuroglial cells that form and maintain the myelin.

Answer 10

Oligodendrocytes

Question 11

The neuroglial cells that mediate immune response after injury or infection to the brain.

Answer 11

Microglia

Question 12

These are the neuroglial cells forming the line ventricles in the brain and spinal cord.

Answer 12

Ependyma

Question 13

The gray matter seen in the interior of the brain consisting of large groups of nerve cell bodies.

Answer 13

Subcortical nuclei

Question 14

The organization of the 6 cell layers in the cerebral cortex.

Answer 14

cytoarchitecture of brain

Question 15

The largest mass of brain tissue which has evolved into cerebral hemispheres, limbic system, and basal nuclei.

Answer 15

Cerebrum

Question 16

A mass of white matter that connects that two cerebral hemispheres.

Answer 16

Corpus callosum

Question 17

The cerebral hemispheres are important for communication, particularly the _____ where major neurologic mechanisms of speech and language are found.

Answer 17

left hemisphere

Question 18

A groove-like depression that separates the gyri in the brain.

Answer 18

sulcus or fissure

Question 19

The part of the cerebral hemispheres that activate muscles and initially receives sensory input.

Answer 19

primary cortical areas

Question 20

Majority of this area is comprised in the long gyrus immediately anterior to the central sulcus (i.e., precentral gyrus).

Answer 20

area 4: primary motor cortex

Question 21

It is responsible for the voluntary control of skeletal muscles on the contralateral side of the body.

Answer 21

primary motor area

Question 22

These areas are important in motor learning and in the performance of routine and less practiced motor sequences.

Answer 22

area 6: ancillary motor area
OR
premotor cortex and supplementary motor area

Question 23

The region of the brain important for the production of fluent, well-articulated speech located in the frontal lobe of the left hemisphere.

Answer 23

areas 44 and 45: Broca’s area

Question 24

The surrounding cortical tissue in the Broca’s area.

Answer 24

perisylvian zone

Question 25

Region of the brain concerned with the control of the eyes.

Answer 25

area 8: frontal eye fields

Question 26

It refers to the rest of the frontal lobe composed of the different type of cortical tissue with less-defined functional assignment.

Answer 26

association cortex

Question 27

This region of the brain contains the association areas that are vital to successful executive functioning (planning, analysis, feedback, self-regulation, etc.).

Answer 27

areas 9, 10, 11, 46, and 47: prefrontal cortex

Question 28

The region of the brain where somatosensory cortex is located.

Answer 28

parietal lobe

Question 29

This refers to the majority portion of somatosensory cortex.

Answer 29

postcentral gyrus

Question 30

Two gyro in the parietal lobe that are associated with language.

Answer 30

supramarginal gyrus (area 40) and angular gyrus (area 39)

Question 31

Damage in this area may cause anomia, alexia with agraphia, disorientation, finger agnosia, acalculia.

Answer 31

angular gyrus in the left hemisphere

Question 32

It refers to word-finding problems.

Answer 32

anomia

Question 33

It refers to reading and writing deficits.

Answer 33

alexia and agraphia

Question 34

It refers to the inability to identify the fingers.

Answer 34

finger agnosia

Question 35

It refers to the difficulty with arithmetic.

Answer 35

acalculia

Question 36

Language functions are concentrated in the _____ _________ lobe.

Answer 36

left parietal

Question 37

In the non dominant (right) hemisphere, what is the primary function of the parietal lobe association cortex?

Answer 37

process spatial information and selective attention

Question 38

The possible impact from a damage in the parietal lobe association cortex.

Answer 38

visuospatial and construction deficits; difficulty or complete neglect of the contralateral side of space

Question 39

The seat of auditory processing in the brain.

Answer 39

temporal lobe

Question 40

The transverse gyrus that forms the cortical center for hearing in each hemisphere.

Answer 40

Heschl's gyrus

Question 41

The cortical area responsible for conscious processing of impulses as "sound" allowing the perception of these sounds.

Answer 41

area 41: primary auditory cortex

Question 42

What process and nerves has a role in detecting the presence of sounds?

Answer 42

peripheral hearing mechanism and auditory nerves

Question 43

Unilateral damage in this area may result to difficulty interpreting a sound or locating a sound in space.

Answer 43

Areas 41 and/or 42

Question 44

What possible damage can a bilateral lesions in the auditory cortex result to?

Answer 44

cortical deafness

Question 45

An area posterior to the superior temporal gyrus in the left temporal lobe, which is important to the development and use of language.

Answer 45

area 22: Wernicke's area

Question 46

Deep brain areas important for memory function, located in the medial aspect of the temporal lobes.

Answer 46

hippocampal region and parahippocampal gyrus

Question 47

It is lobe where the temporal, parietal, and frontal lobes come together including some of the oldest cortical tissue in the brain.

Answer 47

insula or island of Reil

Question 48

What is a possible effect to speech when damage in the insula in the left hemisphere happen?

Answer 48

difficulty producing well-articulated, fluent speech

Question 49

The lobe concerned with vision located behind the parietal lobe.

Answer 49

occipital lobe

Question 50

The occipital lobe is concerned with what function?

Answer 50

vision

Question 51

The cortex where neurologic components for understanding and producing language are found.

Answer 51

perisylvian zone

Question 52

The perisylvian zone is composed of what components.

Answer 52

Broca's area, Wernicke's area, supramarginal and angular gyri, and major long association tracts.

Question 53

Long axons of neurons that send impulses to a distant structure in the CNS.

Answer 53

projection fibers

Question 54

The most notable projection fibers.

Answer 54

corticospinal fibers and corticobulbar fibers

Question 55

These project the primary motor cortex down to the spinal cord.

Answer 55

corticospinal fibers

Question 56

These project the primary motor cortex down to the cranial nerve nuclei.

Answer 56

corticobulbar fibers

Question 57

These project fibers from motor areas to the brainstem then down to the cerebellum.

Answer 57

corticopontine fibers

Question 58

These fibers form association tracts that connect areas within the hemisphere.

Answer 58

association fibers

Question 59

____ association fibers: within lobes ____ association fibers: between lobes

Answer 59

short; long

Question 60

It is Latin for "little man", which shows the area of cortical representation through a map.

Answer 60

homunculus

Question 61

A name given to many of the association tracts important to language and speech, which means "little bundle".

Answer 61

fasciculus

Question 62

The fasciculus significant for initiation of motor activity, spatial attention, gesture, and orofacial memory.

Answer 62

superior longitudinal fasciculus

Question 63

The fasciculus that contributes to the ability to recognize language and respond to it appropriately.

Answer 63

arcuate fasciculus

Question 64

The fasciculus in the ventral limbic path significant for processing novel information, self-regulation, and positive/negative evaluation of emotional information.

Answer 64

uncinate fasciculus

Question 65

The fasciculus significant for peripheral vision, visual motion perception, and visual-spatial processing.

Answer 65

superior fronto-occipital fasciculus

Question 66

The fasciculus that has a role with object recognition and discrimination, semantic processing, and emotional-cognitive interaction.

Answer 66

inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus

Question 67

The fasciculus significant for its role in object recognition, visual discrimination, and memory.

Answer 67

inferior longitudinal fasciculus

Question 68

The fasciculus involved in motivation and emotion as well as spatial working memory.

Answer 68

cingulum bundle

Question 69

The largest set of commissural fibers in the brain, which serves as a pathway of crucial importance to speech-language functions.

Answer 69

corpus callosum

Question 70

This area, involving the most primitive cortex, helps shape behavioral reaction to sensory input through analysis, reaction, and remembrance of stimuli.

Answer 70

Limbic system

Question 71

This arches over the corpus callosum, beginning at the anterior subcallosal area and arching back to the junction with the parahippocampal gyrus.

Answer 71

cingulate gyrus

Question 72

The knob or hooklike area of the parahippocampal gyrus.

Answer 72

uncus

Question 73

The second associative area of cortex that form an uninterrupted girdle around the medial and basal aspects of the cerebral hemispheres.

Answer 73

paralimbic areas

Question 74

The structures included in the paralimbic areas.

Answer 74

caudal orbitofrontal cortex insula temporal lobe parahippocampal gyrus cingulate complex

Question 75

This region is composed of the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, sub thalamus, and pituitary gland.

Answer 75

diencephalon

Question 76

This structure integrates all sensation except olfaction.

Answer 76

thalamus

Question 77

It control several aspects of emotional behavior (rage, aggression, escape behavior).

Answer 77

hypothalamus

Question 78

It helps regulate body temperature, food and water intake, and sexual and sleep behavior.

Answer 78

hypothalamus

Question 79

It consists of a large sub thalamic nucleus that is functionally considered a part of the basal ganglia.

Answer 79

sub thalamus

Question 80

This is the term used when putamen and globus pallidus are grouped.

Answer 80

lentiform or lenticular nucleus

Question 81

It refers to the large masses of gray matter deep within the cerebrum.

Answer 81

basal ganglia

Question 82

The term used when caudate and putamen are grouped together.

Answer 82

striatum

Question 83

The term used wen caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus.

Answer 83

corpus striatum

Question 84

It transmits inhibitory impulses to the globus pallidus and the substantia nigra using GABA neurotransmitter.

Answer 84

striatum

Question 85

A long nucleus located in the midbrain but considered functionally part of the basal ganglia.

Answer 85

substantia nigra

Question 86

The two components of substantia nigra.

Answer 86

pars compacta and pars reticulata

Question 87

pars ______: reduce availability of dopamine: disorders associated with _______ (reduced motor movements)

Answer 87

compacta; hypokinesia

Question 88

The neurons of this nucleus use glutamate to, in normal motor function, inhibit firing by thalamic override.

Answer 88

sub thalamic nucleus

Question 89

When damage occurs to the basal ganglia resulting to abnormal increase in involuntary motor movements, what is this called?

Answer 89

hyperkinesia

Question 90

This is primary concerned with coordination of movements, postural stability and fixation, and learning novel motor act.

Answer 90

Cerebellum

Question 91

The brainstem has only three structures in terms of contemporary neuroanatomy.

Answer 91

mesencephalon (midbrain), pons, medulla oblongata

Question 92

The three regions of brainstem.

Answer 92

tectum, tegmentum, and basis

Question 93

These areas contain the the cranial nerve nuclei from which the axons of the cranial nerve exit the brain and become part of the PNS.

Answer 93

tegmental areas

Question 94

The areas of the brainstem that contain ascending and descending sensory and motor fibers.

Answer 94

basilar areas

Question 95

It is the narrowest part of the brainstem, located immediately below the thalamus and hypothalamus.

Answer 95

midbrain or mesencephalon

Question 96

The four swellings in the tectum responsible for being the way stations of auditory nervous system and visual nervous system.

Answer 96

colliculi

Question 97

The way stations for auditory nervous system.

Answer 97

inferior colliculi

Question 98

The way stations for visual nervous system.

Answer 98

superior colliculi

Question 99

A massive rounded structure that serves as connection to the hemispheres of the cerebellum.

Answer 99

pons

Question 100

The three cranial nerves that exit the brain from the pons.

Answer 100

V: trigeminal, VII: facial, and VIII: vestibulocochlear

Question 101

It is a rounded bulge that is an enlargement of the upper spinal cord.

Answer 101

medulla oblongata

Question 102

The large white band of descending axons that separates the caudate and putamen.

Answer 102

internal capsule

Question 103

It contains the neuronal and glial cell bodies, axons, and dendrites.

Answer 103

gray matter

Question 104

ventral gray matter: _____ horn cell: descending _______ tracts

Answer 104

anterior; motor

Question 105

dorsal cord:________ input

Answer 105

sensory

Question 106

It refers to the bundles of white matter with a common function.

Answer 106

tracts

Question 107

These are subconscious automatic stimulus response mechanisms as basic defense mechanisms to painful or damaging sensory stimulation.

Answer 107

Reflexes

Question 108

The mechanism by which as rapid response to noxious stimuli is processed quickly at the spinal level.

Answer 108

reflex arc

Question 109

A major part of the brain that appears as a series of structures that seem to be a upward extension of the spinal cord, thrust upward into the brain between cerebral hemispheres.

Answer 109

brainstem