Organization of the Nervous System II

Question 1

It includes the cranial nerves, peripheral spinal nerves, and peripheral parts of the autonomic nervous system.

Answer 1

peripheral nervous system

Question 2

These are groups of nerve cell bodies located outside of the CNS forming an enlargement on a nerve or on 2 or more nerves at their junction.

Answer 2

peripheral ganglia

Question 3

These are classified as mixed nerves (carrying both motor and sensory fibers).

Answer 3

spinal peripheral nerves

Question 4

anterior root of spinal nerve: ________ CNS: ______ or motor fibers

Answer 4

away from; efferent

Question 5

A group of cells or motor nuclei in the spinal cord, which is the point of synapse or connection with the spinal nerves.

Answer 5

anterior (ventral) horn cells

Question 6

These are from the posterior root of the spinal nerves that carry information about the sensations of touch, pain, temperature, and vibration into the CNS via the spinal cord.

Answer 6

afferent or sensory fibers

Question 7

A cell bodies of sensory fibers that appear as swelling on the posterior root of the spinal nerve.

Answer 7

posterior root ganglion

Question 8

The part of the spinal cord where motor and sensory fibers leave and enter; an area where they mix together.

Answer 8

intervertebral foramina

Question 9

A _____ or damaged area impairs motor and/or sensory activities at and below that cord level depending on the specific site affected.

Answer 9

lesion

Question 10

These are paired structures formed on the embryo, which differentiate into nonneural tissue.

Answer 10

somites

Question 11

These supply motor signals to the diaphragm, originating from C4 with contributions from C3 and C5.

Answer 11

phrenic nerves

Question 12

This system involves the innervation of involuntary structures like heart, smooth muscles, and glands.

Answer 12

autonomic nervous system

Question 13

This system is formed by the neuronal plexus in the gastrointestinal tract, which suggest direct function with deglutition and digestion of food.

Answer 13

enteric nervous system

Question 14

The two major divisions of the autonomic nervous system, which have antagonistic functions.

Answer 14

sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

Question 15

The part of the autonomic nervous system responsible for preparatory measures such as accelerating heart rate, raising blood pressures, raising eyelids and dilating pupils, decreasing peristalsis and closing the sphincters.

Answer 15

sympathetic system

Question 16

The part of the autonomic nervous system that slows the heart rate, increase intestinal peristalsis, opens sphincters, increases salivation and secretion of glands of the gastrointestinal tract.

Answer 16

parasympathetic system

Question 17

The 2 neurons in the peripheral visceral motor pathway.

Answer 17

preganglionic and postganglionic

Question 18

It refers to the stability of the body’s internal environment.

Answer 18

homeostasis

Question 19

A prominent nucleus of the medulla that receives input from all visceral organs, and nuclei in the brainstem and spinal cord.

Answer 19

nucleus solitarius

Question 20

The axons of _____ neuron project as a thinly myelinated fiber to an autonomic ganglion.

Answer 20

preganglionic

Question 21

It sens unmyelinated axon visceral effector cells such as smooth muscles.

Answer 21

postganglionic

Question 22

The layers of tissue that cover that brain and spinal cord as protection.

Answer 22

meninges

Question 23

A cushioning layer of fluid within the layers of the covering of the brain and spinal cord.

Answer 23

cerebrospinal fluid

Question 24

The outermost layer of the meninges, which means “ taught mother”, and it consists of a closely united 2 layers.

Answer 24

dura mater

Question 25

These are complex folds that divide the contents of the cranial cavity into different cerebral subdivisions.

Answer 25

septa

Question 26

When septa of the dura join with those formed in the opposite hemisphere, 3 different double-layered partitions formed. What are these ?

Answer 26

falx cerebri, tentorium cerebelli, falx cerebelli

Question 27

A folding of the dura that forms the roof of the structure that encloses the the pituitary gland (sella turcica).

Answer 27

diaphragma sella

Question 28

The meningeal layer found immediately below the dura, which bridges over the sulci or folds of the brain.

Answer 28

arachnoid mater

Question 29

When arachnoid mater projects into venous sinuses, it forms ______, which then form _______.

Answer 29

arachnoid villi; arachnoid granulations

Question 30

The meningeal layer filled with cerebrospinal fluid.

Answer 30

subarachnoid space

Question 31

The meningeal layer that closely adheres to the surface of the brain, covering the gyro and going down into the sulci.

Answer 31

pia mater

Question 32

The is concerned with the production of the cerebrospinal fluid.

Answer 32

choroid plexus

Question 33

The three parts of the ventricular system of the brain.

Answer 33

lateral ventricles, third ventricle, and fourth ventricle

Question 34

It serves as the pathway for the circulation of the cerebrospinal fluid.

Answer 34

ventricular system

Question 35

A colorless fluid that serves as a cushion between the CNS and the surrounding bones to protect the brain against direct trauma.

Answer 35

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Question 36

This is characterized by an increase in CSF volume enlargement of 1 or more of the ventricles, usually leading to increase in CSF pressure.

Answer 36

hydrocephalus

Question 37

These arteries ascend in the neck and pass through the base of the skull at the carotid canal of the temporal bone.

Answer 37

internal carotid arteries

Question 38

The artery that passes through the foramina and enters the skills through foramen magnum.

Answer 38

vertebral artery

Question 39

It is formed by the anastomosis of the 2 internal carotid arteries with the 2 vertebral arteries.

Answer 39

circle of Willis

Question 40

Enumerate the parts of the circle of Willis

Answer 40

anterior communicating anterior cerebral internal carotid posterior communicating posterior cerebral basilar arteries

Question 41

It serves as a safety valve function for the brain, allowing collateral circulation to take place if the flow is reduced to one area.

Answer 41

circle of Willis

Question 42

In terms of neurologic organization, human beings have a major movement patterns, which are primarily reflected on the arms and legs.

Answer 42

contralateral motor control

Question 43

If a lesion occurs below the crossing of the major descending motor pathways, the affected motor control will manifest in what principle of neurologic organization?

Answer 43

ipsilateral motor control

Question 44

This neural control is observed in muscles used for speaking such as lips, tongue, soft palate, jaw, abdominal muscles, and diaphragm.

Answer 44

bilateral neural control

Question 45

Language mechanisms are observed to have this neural control.

Answer 45

unilateral control

Question 46

Possible result of lesions in the inferior frontal lobe of the brain.

Answer 46

Broca's aphasia

Question 47

Possible result of damage in the angular gyrus, supramarginal gyrus, and superior temporal gyrus.

Answer 47

Wernicke's aphasia

Question 48

It refers to the inability to communicate with one's limbic system that distinguishes appropriate from inappropriate behaviors.

Answer 48

internal agnosia

Question 49

It refers to the disorders of recognition.

Answer 49

agnosia

Question 50

A condition where patient does not recognize the left side of his or her own body.

Answer 50

asomatognosia

Question 51

The cerebral aqueduct connected to the fourth ventricle.

Answer 51

aqueduct of Sylvius

Question 52

A _____ is a damaged area in the brain.

Answer 52

lesion

Question 53

Enumerate the 12 cranial nerves.

Answer 53

I: olfactory II: optic III: oculomor IV: trigeminal V: trochlear VI: abducens VII: facial VIII: glossopharyngeal IX: vestibulocochlear X: vagus XI: spinal accessory XII: hypoglossal

Question 54

The main suppliers of blood to the brain.

Answer 54

2 large internal carotid arteries and 2 vertebral arteries