Organization Of The Skeleton

Question 0

_____ are processes that deal with the buildup or breakdown of living cells for the purposes of providing energy and facilitating growth.

Answer 0

Metabolic functions

Question 1

Functions of Bone:

Answer 1

1) support (body + organs)
2) protection
3) leverage (for muscle action)
4) storage (minerals + fat)
5) blood cell formation

Question 2

Re blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are all produced in _____, a cavity in the middle of the bone.

Answer 2

Bone marrow

Question 3

Which types of bones have larger marrow cavities and therefore produce more blood cells?

Answer 3

Long bones (legs and arms)
Flat bones (pelvis)

Question 4

What are two causes of decreased bone marrow production?

Answer 4

Old age

Disease

Question 5

Two forms of bone:

Answer 5

Cancellous bone

Compact bone

Question 6

_______ bone is a somewhat irregularly arranged group of bony material plates called trabeculae found in the bone marrow cavity and also includes spine like pieces of bony material called spicules.

Answer 6

Cancellous

Question 7

Functions of cancellous bone:

Answer 7

1) to provide a framework upon which the bone marrow material can perform its function.
2) to provide strength
3) to act as a shock-absorbing tissue

Question 8

_____ bone is a more highly structured series of bone layers found in the outer portions of bone that is composed of a series of tubelike structures arranged so that the tube shafts are parallel to the bone shaft.

Answer 8

Compact

Question 9

The ____ is the route through which blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves travel through compact bone.

Answer 9

Haversian Canal

Question 10

In compact bone, each bone layer is called a _____. In between the layers are small spaces called ______, where osteocytes reside.

Answer 10

Lamella

Lacunae

Question 11

The lacunae extend as fine channels called ____ that reach to nearby lacunae and the haversian canal.

Answer 11

canaliculi

Question 12

______ extend from the Haversian canals at right angles and connect one Haversian canal to another. They carry nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels.

Answer 12

Volkmann’s canals

Question 13

Collectively, the haversian canal, lamellae, lacunae, and Volkmann’s canal are called a _____.

Answer 13

Haversian system

Question 14

Haversian systems maximizes _____, minimizes _____, and allows for movement of blood, nutrients, and nerve signals to the osteocytes in the most efficient manner possible.

Answer 14

Strength

Weight

Question 15

At the outer surface of the bone, the haversian systems give way to layers of lamellae that encircled the entire circumference of the bone and is called ____.

Answer 15

Cortical bone

Question 16

Types of cells in bones:

Answer 16

Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts

Question 17

_____ are responsible for secreting the material that forms bone.

Answer 17

Osteoblasts

Question 18

As osteoblasts age, they become ____, the primary cells of mature bone.

Answer 18

Osteocytes

Question 19

True or false: Osteocytes can revert to osteoblasts and begin forming bone again under the proper conditions.

Answer 19

True; this occurs when a bone is damaged.

Question 20

_____ cells are actually destructive, dissolving bone around them when needed.

Answer 20

Osteoclast

Question 21

_____ prevent bones from being very thick or heavy by removing interior bone as osteoblasts deposit bone on the outer ends of the bone.

Answer 21

Osteoclasts

Question 22

Types of bone shapes:

Answer 22

Long
Short
Flat
Irregular

Question 23

______ are longer than they are wide. Nearly all bones in the limbs are this shape.

Answer 23

Long bones

Question 24

The ends of the long bones are called the ____, and the shaft of the bone is called the _____.

Answer 24

Epiphysis | Diaphysis

Question 25

______ are cubed shaped. Many of the bones in the feet are this shape.

Answer 25

Short bones

Question 26

_____ are thin and flat with cancellous bone between two thin plates of compact bone. The scapula are many of the skull bones are examples of this type of bone.

Answer 26

Flat bones

Question 27

______ are simply those whose shapes don't fit any of the previous categories or have characteristics of more than one of the shape categories. An example is the patella bone that makes up the kneecap.

Answer 27

Irregular bones

Question 28

Types of bone development:

Answer 28

Intramembranosus ossification | Endochondral ossification

Question 29

______ occurs in the facial bones of the skull and the bones of the jaw, when bone material is deposited into a membrane-like mesoderm tissue called the mesenchyme.

Answer 29

Intramembranosus ossification

Question 30

_______ occurs in the bones of the legs, ribs, spine, and pelvis as well as certain bones at the base of the skull. Connective tissue called cartilage develops and is gradually replaced by bone tissue. At each end of a long bone, cartilage expands and ossifies.

Answer 30

Endochondral ossification

Question 31

Primary growth occurs in the_____, whereas secondary growth forms at the____.

Answer 31

Diaphysis | Epiphysis

Question 32

Between each end of the diaphysis and ephysis is a zone of growth called the_____.

Answer 32

Epiphyseal plates or growth plates

Question 33

_____ is chiefly responsible for producing blood cells (red, white, and platelets) from the stem cells.

Answer 33

Bone marrow

Question 34

What gives red marrow it's red color?

Answer 34

A large number of red blood cells.

Question 35

The chief extracellular material within bone marrow is____, a type of collagen that forms a very fine network of fibers in which the stem cells are interspersed.

Answer 35

Reticulin

Question 36

As blood cells mature, they enter vascular spaces in the bone marrow called____. They empty into veins that carry the newly formed cells into the general circulation.

Answer 36

Sinusoids

Question 37

What is the main cause of the presence of yellow marrow?

Answer 37

Aging; with aging, there's less demand for blood cell production. More stem cells are replaced by fat storing cells (adipocytes) and marrow takes on a yellow color.

Question 38

What can cause bone marrow to revert from the less active yellow form to the more active red form?

Answer 38

Blood loss or other diseases in which the red blood cell count is low.

Question 39

As bone ages even more, the amount of stem cells decreases and the amount of adipocytes increases further, leading to formation of____.

Answer 39

White marrow

Question 40

____ is incapable of reverting to red marrow.

Answer 40

White marrow

Question 41

Animals with long lifespan sometimes develop___, a gel like degraded form of marrow.

Answer 41

Gelatinous marrow

Question 42

An _____ is a surface that forms a joint and contacts another bone. This surface is covered by hyaline cartilage.

Answer 42

Articular surface