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Anatomy #4- rumen, udder, urinary > Origin of the Ejaculate > Flashcards

Origin of the Ejaculate Flashcards

1
Q

Scrotum

A

~1500 species don’t have them
- Some never had one= elephants, hyraxes, anteaters, sloths,
- Some had one and lost it= whales, armadillos, beavers
- Some bring testes down seasonally= rodents, insectivores, bats

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2
Q

What affects testes function?

A

-temperature affects both the endocrine and exocrine function

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3
Q

Capsule of testis

A

-Visceral peritoneum (visceral vaginal tunic)
-Tunica albuginea containing blood vessels, septa, lobules, and a mediastinum

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4
Q

Testis parenchyma components

A

1.seminiferous tubules
2.Interstitial tissue

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5
Q

Descent of testes

A

-occurs through gubernaculum which extends from the fetal testis through the inguinal canal to scrotum
>testis migrate along the gubernaculum within the fold of the peritoneum through canal and brings peritoneum layers with it and will become the vaginal tunic

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6
Q

Vaginal tunic

A

-peritoneal outpouching (visceral and parietal layers) through canal (vaginal ring, deep inguinal ring, superficial inguinal ring) and around the gubernaculum

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7
Q

What happens when testicular descent is complete?

A

-gubernaculum shrinks; irreversible

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8
Q

Testicular descent timing

A

**Very important, as poor timing can result in abnormalities
-Ruminants: mid-gestation
-Pigs, horses: near term
- Dogs: 1-3 weeks after birth

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9
Q

Descent abnormalities

A

-cryptorchidism

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10
Q

Spermatic Cord parts

A

-has visceral and parietal layers of vaginal tunic
>vaginal canal separates the layers
-testicular artery (long and convoluted) and veins (pampiniform plexus around the artery)
-lymph drains to nodes near bifurcation of aorta
-nerves with sympathetic fibers

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11
Q

Mesorchium

A

anything that connects the parietal and visceral parts of testes

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12
Q

Layers of the scrotum

A

1.Skin
2. Dartos
3.External spermatic fascia
4. Internal spermatic fascia
5. Parietal vaginal tunic
6. Visceral vaginal tunic

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13
Q

Dartos

A

-inseparable from skin
-elastic and smooth muscle

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14
Q

External spermatic fascia

A

-loose CT
-easily broken down
-separated in closed castration approach

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15
Q

Internal spermatic fascia and Parietal vaginal tunic

A

-inseparable layers
-tough CT lined by serous membrane

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16
Q

Visceral vaginal tunic

A

-inseparable from tunica albuginea

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17
Q

Vaginal cavity during castration

A

-vaginal cavity is exposed when an open castration approach
>more likely to introduce infection

18
Q

Components of testes

A

-Spermatic cord
>Ductus (vas) deferens
-vascular cone
-Prominent tunica albuginea-protective tissue capsule
-caudal border (attaches to epididymis and vas deferens)
-epididymis (has head, body, tail)

19
Q

Internal components of testes

A

-Mediastinum testis (middle fold along long axis of testes)
>contains the rete testis

-Parenchyma
>contains the seminiferous tubules and the interstitial tissue

-seminiferous tubules- site of sperm maturation

-efferent ductules leave testis carrying sperm through to ductus deferens

20
Q

Tail of epididymis

A

-storage site of sperm

21
Q

Ductus deferens

A

-the tail of the epididymis to the urethra

22
Q

Seminiferous tubules

A

-produce spermatozoa (spermatogenesis)
-long convoluted loops
-contains rete testis within the mediastinum which is drained by efferent ducts into epididymis, Sertoli cells, and germ cells

23
Q

Epididymis

A

-3 parts: head, body, tail

24
Q

Endocrine component of testes

A

1.Leydig cells
2.Sertoli cells

25
Q

Interstitial (Leydig) cells

A

-present within the interstitial tissue of testis parenchyma with blood, lymph vessels and CT
-produce androgens (testosterone) responsible for primary and secondary male characteristics, provide feedback loop with LH, and produce IGF3 needed for gubernaculum growth and testis descent

26
Q

What controls Leydig cells?

A

-Luteinizing hormone
*Leydig cells have feedback control on LH

27
Q

Sustantacular (sertoli) cells

A

-produce inhibin used for feedback control on FSH and produces Anti-Mullerian Hormone in fetus which suppresses female tubular genitalia

28
Q

What controls Sertoli cells?

A

-Under Follicle Stimulating Hormonal control

29
Q

Location of testis and scrotum of bull, ram, buck

A

-Vertical
-inguinal location

30
Q

Location of testis and scrotum of stallion and dog

A

-horizontal
-intermediate location

31
Q

Location of testis and scrotum of boar, cat, llama

A

-tilted towards anus
-perineal location

32
Q

Thermoregulation of scrotum

A

-maintain temp at 3-6 degrees C
-Tail of epididymis is at the coolest spot
>Sperm production=- 1 degree lower than whole body temp
-temperature does not matter for Leydig or seritoli cells

33
Q

Dartos and cremaster role in thermoregulation

A

-important for conserving heat

34
Q

Arteries and veins of bovine testis

A

-highly coiled; artery extends to base and comes back
-vascular cone for countercurrent heat exchange

35
Q

Mechanisms contributing to thermal stability of testes

A

-fine scrotal hair
-scrotal sweat glands
-absence of fat in scrotal fascia
-cremaster and dartos muscle
-heat exchange in vascular cone
-heat loss from superficial branches of the testicular arteries and veins (in tunica albuguinea)
-respiratory rate

36
Q

Genital Glands

A

-End of ductus deferens called ampulla (Thick glandular part). Ampulla not present in cat.
-Vesicular glands
-Prostate- all domestic species
-Bulbourethral glands
**species variation of glands

37
Q

Ram and bull genital glands

A

-ampulla
-vesicular glands
-prostate gland (disseminate and compact parts)
-bulbourethral glands

38
Q

Dog genital glands

A

-ampulla is very small and not grossly evident
-Prostate present

39
Q

Tomcat genital glands

A

-prostate
-bulbourethral glands
-NO ampullae

40
Q

Pelvic urethra

A

-urethral crest
-colliculus seminalis

Anatomy #4- rumen, udder, urinary (17 decks)

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