Renal development anomalies

Question 1

Renal Agenesis

Answer 1

-complete absence or one (unilateral) or both (bilateral) kidneys. Can also include absence of ureter
-often found by accident because animal can appear normal if it has one functioning kidney because it can compensate

Question 2

Unilateral renal agenesis

Answer 2

-most common congenital kidney condition in pigs
-less common in sheep, goats, cattle.
-familiar predisposition in beagles

Question 3

How does renal agenesis occur?

Answer 3

-a result of the failure of the development of one or both ureteric buds which results in no induction of the metanephric mass to form renal tubules

Question 4

Renal hypoplasia

Answer 4

-substantially small kidneys due to immature glomeruli and tubules from ureteric bud and mesenchyme failure
-can be both unilateral or bilateral
-common in many dog breeds
-treated as a chronic renal failure

Question 5

Migration defects

Answer 5

-Largely asymptomatic but can result in increased infections
1.Ectopic kidney- kidney left in pelvic cavity
2.Crossed ectopia- 1 kidney and its ureter on the same side as the other kidney

Question 6

Horseshoe Kidney

Answer 6

-kidneys become fused at inferior poles. Origin is uncertain
-asymptomatic but may be associated with some pain or obstruction of the ureters

Question 7

Polycystic Kidney

Answer 7

-multiple cysts in the kidney causing the kidneys being grossly enlarged
-familial in beagles, bull terriers, west highland terriers, and hereditary in pigs. Common in persian cats and long-haired cats (autosomal dominant trait)

Question 8

What causes polycystic kidney?

Answer 8

-a result of the failure of developing nephrons to connect with their collecting ducts. Results in cysts forming due to the accumulation of urine within the nephrons that are isolated from the collecting ducts

Question 9

Polycystic kidney treatment

Answer 9

-treat clinically as renal failure
-the cystic tubules will die but hopefully there is enough functioning connected nephrons to get the animal by

Question 10

Ectopic ureters

Answer 10

-ureters develop out of position as a result of improper development of the metanephric duct systems
-unilateral found equally on right or left side
-bilateral in 25% of cases

Question 11

Clinical sign of ectopic ureter

Answer 11

-dripping urine because not enough muscle tone to properly close it

Question 12

Urachal remnants

Answer 12

-congenital anomaly resulting from incomplete urachal closure (patent urachus)
-associated with urinary incontinence, urine scalding or ventral abdomen, and frequent bacterial urinary tract infections
-seen in any domestic species but frequent in cats, dogs, horses