Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Sociology > Origins of Sociology > Flashcards

Origins of Sociology Flashcards

1
Q

The Sociological Perspective

A

Sees the general in the particular

Sees the strange in the familiar

Sees how society and social position shapes individual experiences and opportunities

understands social action in terms of context and the meanings it has for social actors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Sociological Perspective: Assert that to explain social action, we must:

A

understand its context

how humans understand their situation and act on it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Sociological thinking is reflexive

to be reflexive means that we…

A

are fully conscious of the lenses through which we view the world

consider how our worldviews are shaped by our own subjectivity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Sociological reflexivity involves…

A

recognizing that individual attitudes, behaviors, and life chances are influenced by social factors

using this knowledge to reassess and either revise or reaffirm one’s pre-existing beliefs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Wright Mills

A

influenced by classical tradition of 19th century sociology (Weber, Marx) concern for socio-cultural systems

emphasis on inequalities of power (conflict theory) and sociology as a tool for social change (critical approach)

key contributions: the sociological imagination and power elite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The Sociological Imagination (Mills)

A

allows us to grasp history and biography and the relations between the two in society

lies not in just changing individuals, but in transforming society

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Strategies for developing Sociological Perspective (Bernard McGrane)

A

adopt a beginners mind (as if a stranger)

reflect upon experiences of culture shock, and social exclusion and inequality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Sociology is a Social Science

Define

A

a discipline that examine the human or social world

others include anthropology, psychology, economics, and political science

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How to develop Sociological Reflexivity

A

develop an awareness

reflect on worldviews

engage with social facts and revise/reaffirm values and beliefs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Practice Sociological Reflexivity

A

develop an awareness of the lenses through which we view the world

reflect upon our worldviews and subjectivity

engage with social facts to either revise or reaffirm values and beliefs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Precursors to Sociology

A

proto-sociology in the ancient world

Greek philosophy: Socrates, Plato, Aristotle and the distinction between physis (nature) and nomos (law or custom)

Chinese philosophy: Confucious and power of social norms

The Arab World: Ibn Khaldun and social cohesion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Ancient Greece

the distinction between physis (nature) and nomos (law or custom) presents society as a

A

human creation that is distinct from nature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Muhammad ibn Khaldun (14th century)

A

introduced as sabiyah (group feeling, solidarity, group consciousness) to study tribalism

anticipates Durkheim’s notion of social solidarity by 400 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Emergence of Sociology

A

emerged as “science of society” during 19th century

formal methods of science (reason and empiricism) applied to study the social world

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Key Founders of Sociology

A 
Karl Marx (1818-1883)
Emile Durkheim (1858-1917)
Max Weber (1864-1920)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Early sociologists sought to understand modern life and patterns that emerged from:

A

The Enlightenment
Democratic Revolutions
The Industrial Revolution
Modern Science

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The Enlightenment

A

Gave rise to the belief that:

  1. “man” has the innate ability to reason as an inalienable right to govern themselves and their relations with others
  2. scientific reasoning based upon empirical observation was the only valid means to knowledge
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Democratic Revolutions

A

in the U.S. and France

legitimized the use of reason to address social ills and emancipate humanity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Industrial Revolution

A

wage labor and capitalist competition transformed society leading to urbanization, massive disruption, and numerous social ills (poverty, crime, poor sanitation and health, economic inequality, disconnection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Auguste Comte (1798-1857)

A

first to develop sociology as “positive science” based on empirical observation

modeled sociology after the natural sciences (i.e. physics) and sought “laws of society”

  • Focus: social order and progress
  • Context: French Revolution and Reign of Terror
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Sociological Theories

A

guiding principles and abstract models that attempt to explain and predict the social world

some seek to explain or predict certain relationships/ outcomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Sociology is a multi-perspectival science….

A

offers various paradigms that offer distinct approaches to knowledge and competing explanations of social phenomena

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Social Theory’s Basic Unifying Premise

A

Humans are social and collective beings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Macrosociology

A

examines how large scale social structures influence groups and individuals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Microsociology

A

studies face-to-face and small group interaction to understand how they impact larger structures and patterns in society

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Enlightenment on Sociology

A

Many were able to take a step back and question traditional ways of looking at life and then make changes to better society

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Structural Functionalism

A

society is composed of structures- regular patterns of behavior and organized arrangements that persist through time, and the functions they serve: the biological and social needs of individuals who make up that society

disorganization or dysfunction leads to social change and new equilibrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Emile Durkheim

A

society consists of interrelated social structures that function to meet basic needs of individuals

argued that a new form of social integration is what defined modern world (compare and contrast mechanical and organic solidarity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Durkheim Key Ideas

A 
social regulation and integration
equilibrium
dysfunction
anomie
social facts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Functionalism: A change in one leads to a change in the other example

A

women go to college and pursue careers to contribute to family income

-NOW: programs oriented to help women (ex. nursing programs)
-emergence of daycares and preschools
maintain balance of order or we might see social disorder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Mechanical solidarity

A

bonds based on shared traditions, beliefs, and experiences

  • greater dependence on particular individuals
  • automatic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Organic solidarity

A

based on division of labor, interdependence and individual rights, but no individual matters as much

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Culture

A

ways of thinking and acting, and the physical objects that form a people’s way of life

-shared belief systems, rituals, and conversational styles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Material Culture

A

Physical objects/ cultural artifacts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Values

A

shared beliefs about what is worthwhile or desirable

  • ex. hard work
  • ex. at SU: achieve, lead, serve
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Norms

A

rules and guidelines for acceptable behavior

  • laws, mores, folkways
  • ex: be punctual, wear a mask,
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Sanctions

A

means of enforcing norms

-reward or punishment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Folkways

A

making a distinguish between right and rude

-stems from casual interactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Taboos

A

very strong social norms

-if you break them, you will be expelled, define status

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Mores

A

norms that distinguish between right and wrong

-going topless to the beach in US vs France

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

attitude that one’s own group, ethnicity, or nationality is superior to others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Cultural Relativism

A

understanding a cultures based on its own standards

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Sociobiology

A

study of biological (especially ecological and evolutionary) aspects of behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

The Bell Curve

A

Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life by Herrnstein and Charles Murray proposed a genetic basis for IQ that varied by race

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Contemporary “Social Genomics”

A

focuses on complex interplay of social and genetic factors and how social factors regulate genetic action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Socialization

A

Process by which individuals learn the values and norms of a group, and become functioning members of society

-life long process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

The Self

A

our experience of a personal identity that is separate and different from all other people

-believed self is created and modified through interaction with others over the course of one’s life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

Developed idea of subconscious mind and the unconscious mind, which he believed control most of our drives, impulses, thoughts, behaviors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Freud’s Elements of Personality

A

Personality reflects opposing forced of biology and culture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Id

A

unconscious basic drives of Eros (libido) and Thanatos (aggression)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Ego

A

conscious efforts to balance innate pleasure-seeking drives with demands of society
-develops to mediate between the unrealistic id and the external real world

52
Q

Superego

A

incorporates the values and morals of society which are learned from one’s parents and others

53
Q

Charles Cooley

A

sense of self depends on seeing oneself reflected in interactions with others

54
Q

Looking Glass Self

A

self develops through our perception of others’ evaluations and appraisals of us

55
Q

George Herbert Mead

A

Expanded Cooley’s ideas

-self is created through social interaction LOOK IN NOTES

56
Q

Mead’s Theory of Social Seld

A

A self is…

  • a social and dialectical process
  • the capacity to take role of particular other and see from the perspective of the generalized other
57
Q

Mead “Self”

A

interactive, temporal, and socially emergent

58
Q

Mead “I”

A

subject, active, spontaneous

59
Q

Mead “Me”

A

how we imagine others see us

60
Q

Mead: Awareness of “I” only occurs as

A

it passes into memory

61
Q

The Thomas Theorem

A

“if people define situations as real, they are real in their consequences”

  • social “reality” is ambiguous and socially constructed
  • how we define situations has real consequences
62
Q

Erving Goffman

A

believed meaning is constructed through interaction

-saw social life as a game

63
Q

Goddman: Dramaturgy

A

compares social interaction to theater, while individuals take on roles and act them out for an audience

64
Q

Goffman: Impression Management

A

where we work to control the impressions others have of us

65
Q

Status

A

position in social hierarchy that comes with a set of expectations

66
Q

Role

A

set of stereotypes behaviors that are expected from a particular status position

67
Q

Role Conflict

A

arises when two or more roles have contradictory expectations

68
Q

Role Strain

A

occurs when contradictory expectations emerge within a single role one person plays

69
Q

Role Exit

A

occurs when a person leave a role they once occupied

70
Q

Looking Glass Self: A 3 Step Process

A
  1. we imagine how we appear to others
  2. we imagine how they are assessing us
  3. we internalize these perceptions to experience feelings about ourselves
71
Q

Mead: Preparatory Stage

A

Imitation

72
Q

Mead: Play Stage

A

taking role of the “particular other”

73
Q

Mead: Game Stage

A

learning to take the perspective of the “generalized other” (general and cultural norms)

74
Q

Ascribed Status

A

one we are born with

75
Q

Embodied Status

A

located in our physical self

-disability, beauty

76
Q

Achieved Status

A

one we have earned

-law decides you’re a criminal

77
Q

Master Status

A

status that seems to override all others and affects all other statuses that we possess

78
Q

Agents of Socialization: Family

A

most important arena, where we learn core values and norms

-gender roles

79
Q

Agents of Socialization: Schools

A

taken on multiple aspects of primary socialization in modern society
-“hidden cirriculum”

80
Q

Agents of Socialization: Peers

A

more important as children age

81
Q

Agents of Socialization

A
  • family
  • schools
  • peers
  • media (recent but increasingly powerful)
82
Q

Resocialization

A

replacing previously learned norms with new ones as part of a transition in life

83
Q

Total institution (Goffman)

A

cuts individuals off from rest of society so that their lives can be controlled and regulated (prison, mental hospital)

84
Q

Social Institution

A

major spheres of social life organized to meet human needs
-organize social relationships

-family, education, economy, media, law

85
Q

Characteristics of Social Institutions

A

-fulfills some basic need
some level of formal/ informal organization
-associated statuses and roles
-has associated values and norms

86
Q

Theorists associated with symbolic interactionism

A
  • Mead

- Blumer

87
Q

Georg Simmel

A

social interaction is both a mutual attunement and an act of creation

-mutual influence creates enduring social forms

88
Q

Georg Simmel and “Formal Sociology”

A

study of enduring patterns of association. sociability, and social geometry (dyads and triads)

89
Q

Meso-Level of Analysis

A

What are the characteristics of networks, groups, and organizations?

How do collectivities constrain and enable the individual actions of their members?

90
Q

Social group vs. Social Aggregates

A

Group: interact with each other

Aggregate: Same place at the same time

91
Q

Group

A

collection of people who share some attribute, identify with one another, interact with each other

  • provide values, norms, rules
  • made up of people with shared experiences, loyalties, interests
92
Q

Crowd

A

temporary gathering of people in a public place

-an example of an aggregate

93
Q

Primary groups

A

smaller, personal orientation

-family, friends

94
Q

Primary Relationships

A

first group experienced in life

-initial interaction

95
Q

Secondary Groups

A

large membership, formal and polite

96
Q

Secondary Relationships

A

weak emotional ties

97
Q

Social Networks

A

group memberships form social webs, consisting of the individual connections (ties) we have to others

98
Q

Group Dynamics

A

patterns of interaction between groups and individuals

99
Q

Group Dynamics: Dyad vs. Triad (Simmel)

A

Dyad: smallest possible,, unstable

Triad: more stable, conflict can be mediated by third person

As groups get beyond certain point, conflict increases (jealousy, power struggles)

100
Q

In-Group

A

a group a person identifies with and feels loyalty toward

101
Q

Out-Group

A

group that a person feels opposition, rivalry, hostility towsrd

102
Q

Reference Group

A

provides a standard comparison against which people evaluate themselves

103
Q

Group Cohesion

A

sense of solidarity or loyalty thay individuals feel toward a group to which they belong

104
Q

Groupthink

A

tendency of very cohesive groups to enforce a high degree of conformity among members, creating a demand for unanimous agreement

105
Q

Social Influence (Peer Pressure)

A

influence of one’s fellow group members on individual attitudes and behaviors

106
Q

Compliance

A

mildest form of conformity; actions to gain reward or avoid punishmemt

107
Q

Identification

A

conformity to establish or maintain a relationship with a person or group

108
Q

Internalization

A

strongest type of conformity; an individual adopts beliefs or actions of a group and makes them his or her own

-ex. personal growth of Sigma Kappa

109
Q

Social Loafing

A

efficacy declines as size of group increases

110
Q

Social Identity

A

degree to which someone identifies with a group; recognizing individual effort can increase. group efficacy

111
Q

Instrumental Leadership

A

task or goal oriented

-less concerned with people’s feelings

112
Q

Expressive Leader

A

concerned with emotional and relational harmony within the group because it will lead to a positive environment and improved productivity

113
Q

Power

A

ability to control actions of others

  • coercive power (backed by threat of force)
  • influential power (supported by persuasion)
114
Q

Weber: Traditional Authoirty

A

based in custome, birthright, or divine right and usually associated with monarchies or dynasties

115
Q

Weber: Charismatic Authority

A

based on perception of remarkable personal qualities in leader

116
Q

Weber: Legal- Rational Authority

A

based in laws

117
Q

Bureacracy

A

formal organization/ type of secondary group designed to perform tasks efficiently

-impersonal, but efficient

118
Q

Bureacracy Characteristics

A 
specialization
hierarchy of positions
rules and regulations
technical competence
impersonality
formal, written communication
119
Q

McDonaldization of Society

A

form of rationalization`; fast food chain model applied to many areas of social life

  • efficiency
  • predictability
  • uniformity
  • control
120
Q

Irrationality of Rationalization

A

they can be unreasonable

121
Q

Cultural hegemony

A

domination of a culturally diverse society by the ruling class which manipulates the culture of that society — the beliefs and explanations, perceptions, values, and mores

122
Q

What concern does Sherry Turkle raise about what may happen when people replace face-to-face conversations with texts, tweets, and other forms of online interaction?

A

People lose the ability to show empathy

  • focuses on the problems of the social media age.
  • When we interact online, we can control when, where, and how we communicate
  • If we want, we can keep others at arm’s length, which further allows us to perform a self that may or may not correspond to who we are in real life.
  • When we interact online, we can control when, where, and how we communicate. This means that, if we want, we can keep others at arm’s length, which further allows us to perform a self that may or may not correspond to who we are in real life.
  • concerned that when we replace face-to-face communication with tweets, texts, and snaps, our ability to conduct meaningful face-to-face communication atrophies and with it our capacity for empathy.
123
Q

Feeling rules

A

socially constructed norms regarding appropriate feelings and displays of emotion.

124
Q

Definition of the situation

A

an agreement with others about “what is going on” in a given circumstance
-Each of these definitions leads to a different set of potential consequences—you might intervene, call the police, stand by and laugh, ignore them, summon paramedics, or ask for an autograph, depending on which meaning you act upon.

125
Q

Copresence

A

face to face interaction or being in the presence of others

-we find ourselves outside of physical co presence because of advance in technology

126
Q

What is a benefit some sociologists see in online communication?

A

a space for teens to have privacy

Sociology (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions