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Sociology > Soc Exam 2 > Flashcards

Soc Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Social Stratification

A

A system by which a society categorizes people and ranks them in a hierarchy

-different societies stratify people according to different criteria (race, class, gender)

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2
Q

4 Principles of Social Stratification

A
  1. a trait of society, not individual differences
  2. carries over from generation
  3. universal but variable
  4. involves inequality (what) and beliefs (why)
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3
Q

Social Inequality

A

unequal distribution of wealth, power, or prestige

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4
Q

Slavery

A

most extreme form of social stratification and based on legal ownership of people

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5
Q

Caste System

A

form of social stratification in which status is determined by one’s family history and background and cannot be changed

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6
Q

Social Class

A

form of social stratification based on access to resources such as wealth, power, prestige

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7
Q

Modern Day Slavery

A

2017: 8500 cases reported in U.S.
- prisoner labor
- human trafficking
- debt bondage
- sex slavery
- child soldiers
- forced labor

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8
Q

Class Systems

A

A system of stratification based on access to resources such as wealth, poverty, power, prestige
-shapes by more than income and wealth; cultural distinctions also at play

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9
Q

Intersectionality

A

a concept that identifies how categories of inequality (class, race, gender) intersect

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10
Q

Stratification systems rest upon beliefs about

A

why people should be unequal

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11
Q

Ideology

A

cultural beliefs that justify particular social arrangements

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12
Q

Weberian Theory of Social Class

A 
-included cultural factors
argued class was made up of 3 components: wealth, power, prestige
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13
Q

Weberian Theory: Wealth

A

measure of net worth that includes income, property, other assets

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14
Q

Weberian Theory: Power

A

ability to impose one’s will on others

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15
Q

Weberian Theory: Prestige

A

social honor people are given because of their membership in well-regarded social groups

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16
Q

Structural functionalism

A

system of stratification that has emerged is functional to society in many ways

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17
Q

Davis-Moore Thesis

A

Certain roles are more important for the functioning of society and these roles may be more difficult to fill, so more incentive is needed

-greater rewards are necessary for work that requires more training or skill

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18
Q

Melvin Tumin’s Criticisms of Davis & Moore

A

Rewards don’t always reflect actual contributions to society

Social position is often generational, which can prevent the development of individual talent

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19
Q

Bourdieu’s Theory of Social Reproduction

A

the tendency for social-class status to be passed down from one generation to the next

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20
Q

Symbolic Interactionism Theory of Social Class

A

Examine way in which we use status differences to categorize ourselves or others

-Goffman pointed out our clothing, speech, gestures, possessions, friends, activities, etc. provide information about socioeconomic status

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21
Q

Rising U.S. income inequality attributed to

A

the reversal of New Deal policies and reduced tax rates for the rich

  • first instituted under Ronald Reagan
  • top 1% receives about 20% of income and controls 40% of wealth
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22
Q

What has played major role on rising income inequality in U.S.?

A
  • social security and spending was funded through increased taxes on the wealthy
  • 1980s: Ronald Reagan dramatically reduced taxes on wealthy
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23
Q

What theorists think about income inequality?

A

Marx: going to lead to some revolution that results in equal distribution of wealth

Durkheim: Inequality functions as motivation, separation of classes that are disconnected, allows each class to find own sense of place and purpose; some level of inequality could be functional for society but if too out of whack, could lead to dysfunction and change

Weber: how power tends to map on to inequality?

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24
Q

Belonging to a certain social class has profound consequences for individuals in all areas of life, including

A

family, health, education, work and income, and criminal justice

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25
Q

Annette Lareau Video on Income Inequality

A
  • middle class learn how to interact with institutions with the organizations they are part of in HS
  • distinct parenting between classes; both groups love their children but have different styles; middle class have abilities that reward and are favored by institutions
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26
Q

Social Mobility

A

movement of individuals or groups within the hierarchical system of social classes

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27
Q

Closed System

A

very little opportunity to move from one class to another

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28
Q

Open System

A

ample opportunity to move from one class to another

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29
Q

Intergenerational Mobility

A

movement between social classes that occurs from one generation to the next

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30
Q

Intragenerational Mobility

A

movement between social classes that occurs over course of an individual’s lifetime

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31
Q

Horizontal Social Mobility

A

occupational movement of individuals or groups within a social class

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32
Q

Vertical Social Mobility

A

movement between social classes and, depending on the direction, is often either upward mobility or downward mobility

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33
Q

Structural Mobility

A

changes in the social status of large numbers of people due to structural changes in society

examples: economic recessions, expansion of higher education, deindustrialization

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34
Q

Poverty

A

the federal poverty line (an absolute measure of annual income) officially determines who should be categorized as poor
-most people living in poverty are not unemployed

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35
Q

Absolute Deprivation

A

objective measure of poverty that is defined by the inability to meet minimal standards for food, shelter, clothing, or healthcare

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36
Q

Relative Distribution

A

relational measure of poverty based on the standards of living
-people are considered poor if their standard of living is less than that of other members of society

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37
Q

Gender

A

personal traits and social positions that members of a society attach to being male or female

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38
Q

Sex

A

biological distinction between males and females

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39
Q

Human Sex Characteristics

A

Females: XX, estrogen, vagina, cervix, uterus, ovaries, fallopian tubes, shorter than males, breasts, wider hips than shoulders

Males: XY, testosterone, penis, testicles, scrotum, prostate

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40
Q

Essentialists

A

see gender as biological or genetic

Believe gender is:

  • simple, two category (binary) system
  • determined by chromosomes, hormones, genitalia
  • permanent and unchanging
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41
Q

Third Gender in Other Cultures

A
  • Hijras of Southeast Asia

- Bacha Posh of Afghanistan

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42
Q

Constructionist Approach

A

sex, gender, and sexuality as social constructs

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43
Q

Queer Theorists

A

emphasize importance of difference and rejects ideas of innate identities or restrictive categories of gender and sexual identity

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44
Q

Gender Indentity

A

refers to individual’s self-definition or sense of gender

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45
Q

Gender Expression

A

an individual’s behavioral manifestations of gender

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46
Q

Sexual Orientation

A

inclination to be heterosexual, homosexual, or bisexual

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47
Q

Asexual

A

reject any sexual identity at all

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48
Q

Homophobia

A

fear of discrimination toward homosexuals or toward individuals who display purportedly gender-inappropriate behavior

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49
Q

Misogyny

A

ingrained prejudice against women; dislike, contempt, hatred of women

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50
Q

___, ____, and ____ are all bases of hierarchies of inequality in our society

A

sex, gender, sexuality

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51
Q

Interactionist Perspective

A

gender is achieved through interaction

-walking, sitting, eating based on one’s gender identity

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52
Q

West and Zimmerman: “Doing Gender”

A
  • Gender is not an individual trait but an emergent feature of social situations
  • Doing gender is undertaken by women and men whose competence as members of society is held hostage by its production
  • Women and men can be seen as unfeminine or unmasculine, but that does not make them unfemale or unmale
  • Women are held more strictly accountable than men when it comes to unpaid labor
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53
Q

Male- Female Differences

A

Most gender differences that we assume to be biological are really patterns of cultural patterns

-assumed that men are biologically and physically stronger

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54
Q

Agents of Gender Socialization

A

Family
Schools
Peer Groups
Mass Media

55
Q

The Beauty Myth

A
  • the idea that striving to be physically attractive to men is the key to women’s happiness
  • contributes to gender inequality by objectifying and sexualizing women
56
Q

West and Zimmerman “Doing Gender”

A

Gender is created by social interactions

57
Q

Gender Role Socialization

A

subtle, pervasive process of learning what constitutes masculinity and femininity

58
Q

Social Learning Theory

A

babies and children learn behaviors and meanings through social interaction and internalize expectations of those around them

59
Q

Schools

A

socialize children into gender roles that accord with their sex

60
Q

Peer groups

A

reinforce traditional gender roles, rewarded by peers when they conform to gender roles

61
Q

Sex-role Behavior and Media

A

sex-role behavior is often portrayed in a highly stereotypical manner in the media: television, magazines

62
Q

Sexism

A

belief that one sex is inherently superior to others

-this ideology justifies male privilege

63
Q

Institutional Sexism

A

Gender Discrimination that is ingrained in social institutions, and reflected in the policies and practices pf governments, and private and public organizations

  • women are concentrated in low paying jobs
  • legal system has historically excused violence against women
64
Q

How women are disadvantages in institutional settings:

A
  • do a disproportionate amount of housework
  • earn less than male peers
  • live in poverty
65
Q

Feminization of Poverty

A

economic trend that women are more likely than men to live in poverty, due in part to the gendered gap in wages, the higher proportion of single mothers compared to single fathers, and the increasing cost of childcare

66
Q

Factors that contribute to gender earnings gap:

A
  • occupational sex segregation
  • women have more responsibilities and so they have a delay in their profession and will not have the same seniority when they return to work
  • discrimination that persists, men more likely to get promotions
67
Q

Gendered Division of Unpaid Work

A
  • stereotypically feminine tasks (changing diapers, bathing children) are expected of “loving” women/mothers
  • socially acceptable for most masculine tasks to be done by paid workers outside of the family
68
Q

Occupational Sex Segregation

A

women are usually in lower paying jobs, and more liely to work part-time or be a stay-at home parent
-as a result, tend to complete most time-consuming household chores

69
Q

Motherhood Penalty

A

working mothers encounter systematic disadvantages in pay

70
Q

The Second Shift

A

most feminine tasks must be completed more frequently, often everyday or multiple times a day

71
Q

Feminism

A

belief in social, political, economic equality of the sxes and the social movements organized around the belief

72
Q

First Wave Feminism

A

mid 1800s-1920; focused on suffrage for women

73
Q

Second Wave Feminism

A

1960s-70s; focused on women’s equal access to employment and education

74
Q

Third Wave Feminism

A

1980s-present; focuses on diversity among women’s experiences

75
Q

Men’s Liberation

A

originated in 1970s to discuss the challenges of masculinity

76
Q

Racism

A

a set of beliefs about the claimed superiority of one racial or ethnic group

77
Q

Color-Blind Racism

A

an ideology that removes race as an explanation for inequality

-justifies opposition to efforts to reduce racial inequality by arguing that race us no longer important for one’s life chances

78
Q

White Privilege

A

unearned advantages for dominant group members

79
Q

Microagressions

A

everyday verbal and nonverbal communications that are denigrating or dismissive

80
Q

Cultural Appropriation

A

occurs when dominant group members adopt aspects of an oppressed group’s culture without permission or gain

81
Q

W.E.B. Du Bois

A

first black to receive a PhD from Harvard (1895)

-pioneer in empirical and critical sociology whose work was actively excluded from the the history of discipline

82
Q

Double Consciousness and

A

racism shuts black person out from society; they are trapped behind the “veil”

  • this provides them with a special viewpoint on society, one that sees privilege
  • it also leads to double consciousness, the “self” viewed through the eyes of others
83
Q

Prejudice (a thought process)

A

an idea about the characteristics of a group

-“all asians are good at math”

84
Q

Discrimination

A

an action, unequal treatment of individuals because of social group
-usually motivated by prejudice

85
Q

Individual Discromination

A

discrimination carried out by one person against another

86
Q

Institutional Discrimination

A

systematic discrimination carried out by social institutions (political, economic, educational, and others) that affects all members of a group who come into contact with it

87
Q

Race vs. Ethnicity

A
  • Race us a socially constructed category based on real or perceived biological differences between groups of people
  • Ethnicity is also socially constructed, based on common language, religion, nationality, history or another cultural factor
  • the distinction between race and ethnicity is important because ethnicity can be displayed or hidden, depending on individual preferences whereas racial identities are always on display
  • both not “neutral” categories, but deeply tied to inequalities in wealth, power, and other resources
88
Q

Race vs. Ethnicity: Census Categories

A

the first census in 1790 listed three categories: free whites, all other free persons, and slaves

-white Mexicans classified as white until 1930 when nativists lobbied successfully for them to be classified separately in order to target them for discrimination

89
Q

Race: A Modern Idea

A

deeply tied to Western colonialism and chattel slavery

-emerged in late 19th century and helped validate racial ideas and “prove” a natural hierarchy of groups

90
Q

The Eugenics Movement

A

Popular intellectual and social movement, which sought to apply the principles of science and genetics to improve the human race

  • popular in US during 20th century
  • led to forced sterilization of more than 60,000 people, consisting of targeted minorities

-used in Nazi Germany

91
Q

The Social Construction of Ethnicity

A

aspects of shared cultural heritage become important….

92
Q

Minority Group

A

social group that is systematically denied access to power and resources that are available to the dominant groups of a society

-it is NOT necessarily fewer in number than the dominant group

93
Q

Which theorist might explore racial inequality in terms of the creation of social cohesion within different social grousp?

A

Structural Functionalism

94
Q

Structural Functionalism: Racism

A

Focuses on the ways in which race creates social ties and strengthens group bonds

-acknowledge such ties can lead to violence and social conflict between groups

95
Q

Conflict: Racism

A

focuses on the struggle for power and control over scarce resources

96
Q

Symbolic interactionism: Racism

A

Focuses on ways in which race, class, and gender intersect to produce an individual’s identity

  • sees race as an aspect of identity that is established through interaction
  • ex. double consciousness
97
Q

Growing Wealth Inequality

A
  • median incomes of minorities fell relative to whites so less able to replenish savings
  • financial assets recovered more quickly than home values, and whites more likely to own stocks
  • decrease in homeownership since recession greater among minorities
98
Q

Stigma

A

coined by Erving Goffman
-describes any physical or social attribute that devalues a person or group’s identity, which may exclude people who are devalued from normal social interaction

99
Q

Passing

A

attempts by stigmatized individuals to presenting themselves as a member of a group other than the stigmatized group to which they belong

-Jews hide identity to avoid death camp

100
Q

“Dude, You’re a Fag” Relating to Deviance

A

young boys just throw the word around

  • scene in video: two adult men playing video games, go back and forth, joking has nothing to do with sexuality
  • broader significance: through light hearted jokes, way to police masculinity and protect own status as a male
101
Q

Deviance: Functionalism

A

Deviance serves as a function in our society

“how does deviance clarify norms and expectations?”

  • Durkheim: if deviance exists, it serves as a positive social function by clarifying moral boundaries and promoting social cohesion
  • affirm social values and norms, clarify moral boundaries, increase social bonds, encourage social change
  • Drug abuse: we use social norms, laws to maintain social order. How we use laws to deter use of drugs. Provides example of what NOT to do, reaffirm sense of moral boundaries.
102
Q

Deviance: Social Control Theory

A

theory developed by Travis Hirschi to explain crime (comes out of structural functionalism approach)

strong social bonds

  • increase conformity
  • decrease deviance

involved in mainstream activities (social attachments) and less likely to commit acts of deviance

103
Q

Deviance: Structural Strain Theory

A

developed by Robert Merton

  • there are goals in our society that people want to achieve but cannot always reach which creates stress (or strain)
  • Typology of Deviance table
104
Q

Deviance: Conflict Theory

A

Deviance is a result of social conflict

  • in order for the powerful to maintain their power, they marginalize and criminalize the people who threaten it
  • inequality is reproduced in a way which deviance is defined

“why are punishment distributed unequally?”

-easier to justify those who are poor: one who has position of authority may be concerned about property values and image of city (lets get rid of homeless so we have do not have to deal with them)

Drug abuse: uneven application of social control, certain groups are more likely to be criminalized than others. White people are more likely to abuse drugs, however, other groups are targeted more.

105
Q

Deviance: Symbolic interactionism

A

interpersonal relationships and everyday interactions influence meanings and understandings of deviance

“how do certain actions/ behaviors become defined as deviant?”

106
Q

Deviance: Symbolic interactionism

-Differential Association Theory

A

symbolic interactionist perspective developed by Edwin Sutherland

-states we learn deviance from interacting with deviant peers

107
Q

Deviance: Symbolic interactionism

-Labeling Theory

A

developed by Howard Becker
states deviance is caused by external judgements (labels) that change a person’s self-concept and the way in which others respond to that person

-according to Becker, labeling can lead to self-fulfilling prophecy: a prediction that causes itself to come true

108
Q

Stereotype Threat

A

a self-fulfilling prophecy in which the fear of performing poorly and thereby confirming stereotypes about one’s social group causes people to perform poorly

109
Q

Deviance

A

no act or person is inherently deviant

  • deviance is defined by social context
  • a product of social processes
110
Q

Merton: Innovator

A

Accepts cultural goal but uses alternative means to achieve it

-ex: getting rich but by selling drugs

111
Q

Stereotype Promise

A

self-fulfilling prophecy in which positive stereotypes lead to positive performance outcomes

112
Q

Victor Rios

A

Research shows black and latino boys lack cultural capital need to succeed in mainstream society

  • their efforts to do well are misrecognized and often labeled as “trouble”
  • often becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy black and latino boys develop “resistance identities” and engage in “acts of resistance”
  • the power of labels has a significant outcome on outcomes and are very influential
113
Q

Crime

A

violation of a norm that has been codified into law

114
Q

Demographics of Crime

A

Class: crime rates higher in poor urban areas than in wealthier suburbs

Age: the younger the population, more likely members are to commit crimes

Gender: males more likely to commit

115
Q

Race and Crime

A

controversial
-african americans make up 13% of US population but account for 27% of all arrests and 33% of all prisoners

-sociologists argue institutional racism helps explain this

116
Q

Institutional Racism

A

blacks are disproportionately targeted by police and receive differential treatment within criminal justice system

-blacks more likely yo live in lower-income areas with more police and fewer opportunities

117
Q

Black Lives and Police Tactics Matter Study

A

dramatic inequalities in policing and police violence found

118
Q

Justifications Provided for Punishment through Criminal Justice System

A
  1. retribution- you do the crime, you do the time
  2. rehabilitation
  3. incapacitation- if removed from society, can’t hurt anyone
119
Q

Alternatives to Punishment

A

-safe spaces/ programs for drug abusers

120
Q

Criminal Justice Systsem

A

a social institution organized to provide social control, primarily via negative sanctions (or punishment)

121
Q

War on Drugs

A

Nelson proposes harsh penalties for drug use

policy quickly prioritized punishment over rehabilitation

drug criminalization led to mass incarceration

WE SHOULD look at drug abuse as a health problem than a crime- incarceration of so many people has led to disruption of family

122
Q

War on Drugs: Conflict Theorist Perspective

A

some groups have more power and resources, and so white upper class people saw rehabilitation as a threat and there was a support for policies to get tough on crime and put people in jail

123
Q

Sociological Perspective on Opioid Crisis

A

widespread accessibility of opioids and major institutions earning money from them

Advise physicians to be more conservative

124
Q

Environmental Sociology

A

the study of the interaction between society and the natural environment, including the social causes and consequences of the environmental problems

125
Q

How Sociologists Study the Environment

A

environmental issues as social problems that are shaped by social factors and culture

environmental issues as shaped by social inequality; questions of environmental justice

environmental issues as a focus of politics and social movements

126
Q

The Logic of Growth Thesis

A

argues technological advancements will increase the environment’s carrying capacity, allowing for continual growth in population and affluence

criticism:

127
Q

GDP

A

gross domestic product- common measure

128
Q

Limits to Growth Thesis

A

humanity must put in place policies to control the growth of population, production, and use of resources in order to avoid environmental collapse

criticism: limit to disadvantaged populations

129
Q

Treadmill of Production

A

requires constant growth which provides goods and wealth to some, but also produces environmental deficits and social problems

130
Q

Environmental Justice

A

equity in the distribution risks and the fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, color, national origin, or income with respect to the development, implementation and enforcement of environmental laws (regulations and policies)

-the environmental justice movement emerged during 1970s to address the unequal distribution of environmental risks among poor and BIPOC communities

131
Q

The Individuals and the commons

A

Modern capitalist economies organize the production of good based on the principle of rational choice (we can weigh the costs and benefits of our choices, and our choices will add up to most efficient result).

But

132
Q

Externalization of Costs

A

in you lived in a community, you would experience negative costs of hog farming

  • has cost on human health, including ecosystem
  • costs are externalized since they all add up
133
Q

The Environmental Justice Movement

A

emphasizes that the “environment” id “where you work, sleep, breath, pray, and mingle”

Sociology (2 decks)

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