Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

BDS Exam style questions > Orthdontics > Flashcards

Orthdontics Flashcards

(107 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What are the possible complications for a patient with 12mm OJ, well aligned arches and ectopic canines?

A

Trauma

Root resorption of adjacent 2s

Difficulty eating

Difficulty speaking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the potential complications of a dental retainer?

A

Calculus build up- higher risk of gingivitis and Periodontal disease

Caries- difficulty cleaning

Wire can debond

Wire can fracture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the components for correcting a posterior cross bite?

A

Aim- Please construct a URA to fix posterior xbite
A- Midline palatal screw
R- Adams clasps 0.7mm HSSW 4s/6s
A- reciprocal
B- Self cure PMMA with PBP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is Deviation of the mandible on closing?

A

Mandible displaces in order for teeth to come into occlusion on closing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are 2 problems that can occur if mandibular deviation goes untreated?

A

TMD

Tooth wear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which fluoride supplements can be given to patients to prevent decalcification in Orthodontics?

A

FV- 22600ppmF (4 x yearly)

Fluoride mouthwash- 225ppmF (daily)

Duraphat toothpaste- 2800 ppmF (twice daily)

Fluoride tablet- 1mg per day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the other ways in which decalfication can be prevented?

A

Good OH
-> Interbracket cleaning after meals
-> Focusing on gingival margin and around bracket when brushing

Improve diet- limit sugar frequency

Chewing gum

FS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the risks of Orthodontic treatment?

A

Relapse
Recession
Root resorption
Soft tissue trauma
Enamel fracture
Tooth wear
Loss of vitality
Headgear injuries
Poor or failed tx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How would you assess the AP relationship of a class 3 malocclusion?

A

Palpate the skeletal bases at soft tissue A and soft tissue B

Lateral Ceph

Visual assessment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What special investigations may an orthodontist do for a patient worried about their Class 3 relationship?

A

Study models

Clinical photographs

Lateral ceph

OPT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the intra-oral features typical of class 3 relationship?

A

Retroclined lower incisors

Proclined upper incisors

AOB

Reversed or reduced OJ

Displacement on closure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What systemic condition may a patient have if their mandible is growing in adulthood?

A

Acromegaly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Design a URA to fix anterior Crossbite of 12?

A

Aim- please construct a URA to fix cross bite on 12
A- Z spring 0.5 HSSW on 12
R- Adam’s clasps 0.7 HSSW on 4s/6s
A- Yes as moving one tooth
B- Selfcure PMMA with PBP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What characteristics of the dentition would make fixing an anterior crossbite with a URA?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What 5 factors can cause displacement of a URA?

A

Gravity

Mastication

Active component

Speech

Tongue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

When referring a patient to an orthodontist, what information relevant to their provision of care should be provided?

A

Patient details- age and name
Medical Hx
Radiographs and photographs
Skeletal base
Incisor classification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

A patient undergoing orthodontic treatment, attends for a check up with debonded bracket and demineralisation around the remaining brackets. How is this managed?

A

Debonded bracket
-> remove and give to the patient
-> Give OHI and refer to orthodontist

Demineralisation around remaining brackets
-> OHI
-> Diet advice
-> Fluoride supplementation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the long term risks of lost upper 1?

A

Poor aesthetics

Bone resorption

Loss of labial profile

Drifting of other incisors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the long term risks of using a provisional upper RPD to replace an upper 1?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Why would you advise a patient against a crown to replace their upper 1?

A

Destructive treatment

OH must be adequate to place a crown

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What advice would you give to a non-compliant patient to maintain their oral health long term?

A

Brush 2x daily with F tooth paste

Spit don’t rinse

Use modified bass technique

HIGH risk- so duraphat 5000ppmF could be offered

Interdental cleaning- floss or ID brushes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the uses of a URA?

A

Tipping teeth

Habit breaker

Anchorage

Expand arch

Reduce OB

Space maintainer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What advice is given upon fitting of a URA?

A
  1. Will feel bulky- normal
  2. May have excess salivation- goes away in 24 hours
  3. May affect speech- practise reading aloud
  4. May cause initial discomfort- indicates its working
  5. Wear 24/7- non-compliance increases tx time
  6. Remove after every meal and clean with soft brush
  7. Remove when playing contact sports
  8. Avoid hard/sticky and overly hot foods
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the steps in delivering a URA?

A
  1. Check right patient- right appliance
  2. Check appliance matches design specification
  3. Inspect appliance for sharp areas
  4. Check integrity of wirework
  5. Insert into mouth- check for areas of blanching or trauma
  6. Check posterior retention
  7. Check anterior retention
  8. Activate appliance
  9. Demonstrate correct insertion/removal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
When is the best time to treat an anterior crossbite?
When upper 2s erupt
26
What features make a URA useful at fixing crossbites?
PBP
27
What is the incidence of hypodontia in the UK?
6%
28
What 3 teeth are most commonly missing in hypodontia patients?
Lower 5s Upper 2s Upper 5s
29
How does hypodontia present to the GDP?
Big midline diastema Infraocclusion Teeth not erupting/exfoliating in expected sequence Tapered and small teeth Absence of deciduous tooth
30
What are the treatment options for hypodontia?
Accept/montior Restorative only- bridges, implants, dentures Ortho only Combine orthodontic and restorative- open space/close space
31
Who are the members of the MDT that treat hypodontia?
Ortho specialist Restorative dentist Paediatric dentist GDP SLT OS
32
When should you start to palpate for canines?
Age 9
33
How is position of canines localised?
Vertical parallax
34
What radiographs are used for vertical parallax?
OPT and occlusal
35
What age should intervention for ectopic canines be carried out?
Age 11
36
How long after extraction of C should we review an ectopic canine to check for eruption?
6 months
37
What are the treatment options for an ectopic canine when the C has already been extracted?
Buccal apically repositioned flap with bone removal Palatal open exposure with bone removal Buccal or palatal closed exposure with gold chain attachment Extraction of 3
38
What is a supernumerary tooth?
Presence of an extra tooth
39
Where is a supernumerary most likely to occur?
Midline of maxilla
40
What are the 4 types of supernumerary, how are they distinguished?
Conical- cone shaped Tuberculate- barrel shaped Supplemental- extra tooth of normal dentition (usually smaller and asymmetrical) Odontome- irregular mass of dental hard tissue -> Compound and Complex
41
What is the effect of supernumeraries on the dentition?
Delayed eruption Crowding Failure of teeth to erupt Traumatic eruption
42
What are the signs of thumb sucking habit?
Proclined upper anterior Retroclined lower anteriors AOB/incomplete open bite Narrow upper arch (may have unilateral posterior xbite)
43
What is the BSI definition of Class 2 Div 1
The lower incisor edges lie posterior to the cingulum plateau of the upper incisors -> There is an increased overjet -> The upper central incisors are proclined or of average inclination
44
What are the ways in which functional appliance can reduce OJ?
Growth modification -> Restricts growth in maxilla, promotes growth in mandible Mandible postured away from normal rest position -> facial musculature is stretched generating forces transmitted to teeth/alveolus Dentoalveolar compensation -> Reclines upper incisors -> Proclines lower incisors -> Mesial migration of lowers, distal migration of uppers
45
What are the signs of impacted canines?
Retained Cs Delayed eruption Asymmetrical eruption Distal tipping of 2s Discolouration of 2s Mobility of 2s
46
How can you further investigate impacted canines?
Vertical/horizontal parallax ICAT scan on CBCT
47
What are the risk of ectopic canines?
Root resorption of 2s Cyst formation Ankylosis of deciduous tooth Aesthetic issues- spaces
48
What are the treatment options for ectopic canines
Accept/monitor Extract C to encourage improvement in position Retain 3 and observe Extraction Surgical exposure and orthodontic alignment Autotransplantation
49
What is the incidence of CLP?
1:700 live births
50
What are the general health implications of CLP?
Aesthetic issues Speech issues- issues with plosive sounds Dental issues Hearing/airway issues- more likely to suffer glue ear and ears may not properly form Other- more likely to have cardiac abnormality
51
What are the dental features of CLP?
Missing teeth Impacted teeth Crowding Caries- hypoplastic Class 3 jaw relationship
52
What are the 5 treatment stages for fixing a CLP?
3 months- lip closure 1 year- palate closure -> done before baby starts to talk/babble to ensure palate is as normal as possible for this 8-10 year- alveolar bone graft 12-15 years- definitive orthodontics 18-20 years- Surgery (secondary)
53
Who are the members of the CLP MDT?
Surgeons Cleft nurses Paediatric dentist Psychologist ENT doctor Speech therapist Geneticist
54
What is a class III incisor relationship?
Lower incisor edge occludes anterior to the cingulum plateau of the upper central incisor -> overjet is reduced or reversed
55
What is dentoalveolar compensation?
Soft tissues and teeth are in altered position to compensate for skeletal discrepancy and achieve normal relationship between upper and lowers
56
Which special investigations may be useful when treating patients with Class III jaw relationships?
Clinical photos Study models Lateral ceph CBCT OPT
57
What dental features are associated with Class 3 relationships?
Proclined upper incisors Retroclined Lower incisors Crossbites- anterior Attrition Recession Crowding
58
What are the treatment options for a Class 3 patient?
Accept and monitor Intercept with early URA to correct incisor relationship/crossbites Growth modification- reverse twin-block/headgear Camouflage- accept skeletal base and aim for class I incisors with fixed appliance Combined orthodontic/orthognathic
59
What are the components of fixed appliances?
Brackets Arch wire Ligatures Elastic modules Auxiliaries- springs, elastomeric chains Anchorage components Molar bands
60
Give 4 methods of anchorage?
TAD Baseplate Transpalatal arch wire Elastics
61
What is the definition of Class 2 Division 2?
Lower incisors occlude posterior to the cingulum plateau of upper central -> Upper centrals are retroclined -> OJ may be reduced or increased
62
What are the dental features of Class 2 div 2?
Retroclined upper centrals Increased OB Shorter arch perimeter- more crowding Reduced OJ- usually Crowded upper 2s- mesiolabially rotated
63
What are the soft tissue features associated with C2D2?
Marked labio-mental fold- overactive mentalis High Lower lip line- can retrocline upper incisors High masseteric force Trauma to gingivae or palate due to increased OB
64
What are the treatment options for C2D2?
Accept and monitor Growth modification- twin block with ELSA spring Camouflage- accept underlying skeletal base and give class 1 incisors Orthognathic surgery if severe
65
What are the common complications of orthodontics?
Relapse Root resorption Decalcification Gingival recession
66
How are complications of orthodontics managed
Relapse- lifelong retention (fixed or removable) Decalficiation- OHI, F supplementation diet advice Root resorption- advise patient of risk, advise that 1mm resorption is normal over 24 month tx, stop nail biting habit, be careful with unusual root forms Recession- avoid over expansion, warn patient, consider gingival grafting
67
What are the dental features of class 2 div 1?
Proclined upper anteriors Increased OJ Hyperplastic gingivitis Varied OB Class 2 molar relationship
68
What are the soft tissue features of Class 2 div 1?
Lip trap Incompetent lips Tongue thrust
69
What are the treatment options for class 2 div 1?
1. Accept 2. Attempt growth modification- twin block/head gear 3. URA- Simple tipping of teeth 4. Camouflage- used fixed appliance to achieve class 1 incisors while accepting skeletal base 5. Orthognathic surgery
70
What are the causes of diastema?
Prominent frenal attachment Ectopic canines Hypodontia Supernumeraries at midline Microdontia
71
How are Diastemas managed
72
How is posterior cross bite managed?
URA with midline palatal screw and PBP
73
What are the other means of expanding the arch?
Quad-helix Rapid maxillary expansion
74
What teeth are most commonly infra-occluded
Lower Ds
75
How do infra-occluded teeth appear clinically/radiographically?
C: Low in the arch- doesn't maintain occlusal relationship with adjacent teeth, non-mobile, percussion sound R: External root resorption No PDL
76
What are the treatment options for infra-occluded molars?
Retain if no permanent successor Monitor for up to a year if permenant successor Extract tooth -> if contact points go sub gingival -> if root formation of successor is near completion -> early to encourage space closure if crowding
77
What is SNA, SNB, ANB?
SNA- Angle between Sella-nasion line (cranial base) and maxilla at point A SNB- Angle between SN line and mandible at point B ANB- difference is angle of SNA and ANB
78
What are the average values of SNA, SNB, ANB?
SNA- 81 (+/-3) SNB- 78 (+/-3) ANB- 3 (+/-2)
79
What is the average FPMA angle?
27 (+/-4)
80
What is the average incisor inclination?
109 in upper 93 in lower
81
What is the ANB for class 2 and 3?
Class 2- ANB >5 Class 3- ANB <1 or negative
82
What is the effect of prolonged sucking habit on the posterior dentition?
Sucking action pulls cheeks in causing narrowing of maxillary arch (mandible is out of way due to position of thumb) -> this can cause a posterior cross bite
83
What are the methods of stopping a thumb sucking habit?
Fixed habit breaker Removable habit breaker Positive reinforcement Preventive nail varnish Swap for a dummy- unlikely to continue past school age
84
What are the syndromes associated with Hypodontia?
CLP Anhydrotic ectodermal dysplasia Down's
85
What is the incidence of hypodontia in primary and permanent dentition?
Primary- 1% Secondary- 6%
86
What are the affects of supernumerary teeth?
Cyst formation Associated with diastema Crowding
87
What factors can make early loss of primary teeth worse?
Crowding Lack of permanent successor Maxilla is worse Younger age
88
What is balancing and compensating?
Balancing- taking out contra-lateral Compensating- if lost in upper, remove lower
89
When might you consider balancing a primary tooth extraction?
Balancing Cs to prevent midline shift
90
When would you consider a compensating extraction?
If lower 6s extracted- compensate with upper -> prevents over eruption and mesial movement of 7
91
What are the signs of a good wearer of a URA?
Active components have become passive Patient demonstrates correct insertion and removal Patient can speak normally with URA in Tooth movement has occurred Patient arrives wearing URA Signs of wear on palate and appliance
92
What are the different anterior-posterior skeletal relationships?
Class 1- maxilla is 2-3mm anterior to mandible Class 2- maxilla is >2-3mm anterior to mandible Class 3- mandible anterior to maxilla
93
How is vertical relationship measured?
Face height: Visual- lower anterior face height to total face height is 50:50 Lateral ceph- LAFH:TAFH is 55% FMPA: Visual- maxillary and Frankfort planes meet at occiput Ceph- angle of 27 (+/4) is average
94
How is transverse relationship measured?
Look at symmetry from front and above
95
What is OJ and the average value?
Gap between the labial most prominent surface of the lower incisors and labial most prominent surface of upper incisors
96
What is OB? What is average?
Vertical overlap of incisors - Uppers cover 1/2 to 1/3 of lower incisors
97
What is a class 1 molar relationship?
MB cusp if upper 6 occludes with buccal groove of lower 6 2- anterior 3- posterior
98
What is class 1 canine relationship?
Maxillary canine occludes between mandibular canine and first premolar 2- Anterior 3- Posterior
99
How is crowding measured?
Overlap technique Space available (between mesial of 6s)- space required (width of every tooth from 5-5) -> done using callipers on models
100
What is mild/moderate/severe crowding ?
Mild 0-4mm Moderate 4-8mm Severe 8+mm
101
What are the active components used in URAs?
0.5 HSSW: Finger spring and guard- retracting canines Z spring- fixing anterior crossbites Flapper spring T spring 0.5 HSSW w 0.5 ID tubing: Buccal canine retractor Roberts retractor- incisor Midpalatal screw- expanding upper arch
102
What are examples of retentive components?
Adams clasp (0.6 if primary) Southend clasp Labial bow ALL 0.7 HSSW
103
What are examples of baseplate modifications?
FABP- allows eruption of posteriors to allow for OB correction (OJ +3mm) PBP- allows posterior disclusion allowing anterior movement/eruption
104
What are the treatment options for impacted molars?
Accept/monitor Extract E to encourage eruption Use separator XLA and retain E Distalise 6 with a URA
105
What are the cause of first molar impaction?
Crowding Hypoplastic maxilla Mesial path of eruption
106
What feature of normal development should prevent crowding of permanent dentition?
Spacing between teeth Growth of maxilla and mandible
107
What is Leeway space?
Extra mesio-distal space occupied by primary molars which are wider than premolar replacements -> 1.5mm per side in upper -> 2.5mm per side in lower

BDS Exam style questions (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions