Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Orthopaedics > Orthopaedic Oncology > Flashcards

Orthopaedic Oncology Flashcards

(81 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is Periosteal reaction?

A

Reaction of periosteum to an insult/stimulus
Periosteal insult -> New bone formation -> Prevents spread of underlying pathology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Types of Periosteal reaction

A
  1. Slow growing/indolent lesion: Thick/solid periosteal reaction
  2. Rapidly growing/aggressive lesion: Thin/lamellated periosteal reaction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Periosteal reaction of Ewing’s sarcoma in X ray

A

Onion peel appearance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Periosteal reaction of Osteosarcoma in X ray

A
  1. Sunburst/sunray appearance
  2. Codman’s triangle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Periosteal reaction of Osteomyelitis in X ray

A

Solid/thick

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

M/C site of bone tumors

A

Around knee (Distal femur/proximal tibia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Site for simple bone cyst

A

Proximal humerus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Site for Enchondroma

A

Small bones of hands and feet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Site of Hemangioma, Osteoblastoma and Metastasis

A

Spine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Tumors found in Epiphysis (in contact with epiphyseal plate)

A
  1. Chondroblastoma: Growth plate visible (Child)
  2. Giant cell tumor: No growth plate (Adult)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Tumors found in Diaphysis

A
  1. Ewing’s sarcoma
  2. Osteoid osteoma
  3. Adamantinoma (Soap bubble)
  4. Fibrous dysplasia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Tumors found in Metaphysis

A
  1. Osteosarcoma
  2. Osteochondroma
  3. Aneurysmal bone cyst
  4. Unicameral bone cyst
  5. Non-ossifying fibroma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

M/C tumor seen in age group 5-25 years

A

Ewing’s sarcoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

M/C tumor in age group 10-20 years

A

Primary osteosarcoma (M/C malignant BT in children)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

M/C tumor in the age group 20-40 years

A

Giant cell tumor (After skeletal maturity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

M/C tumor in age group 40-60 years

A
  1. Secondary osteosarcoma: D/t Paget’s ds, radiation, teriparatide use
  2. Chondrosarcoma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

M/C tumor in age group >60 years

A
  1. Metastasis
  2. Multiple myeloma
  3. Adamantioma
  4. Chordoma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are Pulsatile bone tumors?

A

Vascular -> Pulsatile -> Bruit present on auscultation
Osteosarcoma (Most Pulsatile)
Other examples:
1. Aneurysmal bone cyst
2. Giant cell tumor
3. Metastasis from kidney and thyroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are Metastasis/Secondaries?

A

M/C malignant bone tumor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

M/C source of Metastasis

A

Ca breast > Ca prostate > Ca lung (Neuroblastoma in children)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

M/C location of Metastasis

A

Lumbar > Thoracic vertebrae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Secondaries from Primary BT

A

M/C location: Lungs
Bone to bone metastasis:
1. Ewing’s sarcoma
2. Osteosarcoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Purely blastic secondaries come from

A
  1. Prostate
  2. Medulloblastoma
  3. Carcinoids
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Purely lyric secondaries come from

A
  1. Kidney
  2. Thyroid
  3. Breast (Lytic +/- Blastic)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
M/C primary malignant bone tumor
Multiple myeloma > Osteosarcoma
26
M/C primary non-hematological malignant BT
Osteosarcoma > Chondrosarcoma
27
M/C benign bone tumor
Osteochondroma/exostosis
28
M/C true benign bone tumor
Osteoid osteoma
29
What is Fibrous dysplasia?
Developmental anomaly Bone tissue replaced by fibrous tissue M/C in femur
30
X ray of Fibrous dysplasia
1. Ground glass appearance 2. Rind sign: Dense rim around fibrotic tissue 3. Shepherd’s crook deformity
31
Biopsy of Fibrous dysplasia shows
Chinese letter pattern appearance
32
Treatment of Fibrous dysplasia
Bisphosphonates
33
McCune-Albright syndrome
Mnemonic: 3P 1. Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia (Multicentric) 2. Pigmentation 3. Precocious puberty
34
Types of Bone cysts
1. Simple bone cysts 2. Aneurysmal bone cysts
35
Expansion of Bone cysts
Simple: Symmetrical expansion Aneurysmal: Assymetric expansive/ballooning
36
Sites of Bone cysts
Simple: Proximal humerus (Centric) Aneurysmal: Around the knee (Eccentric)
37
Age group at which bone cysts form
10-20 years old
38
Simple bone cyst contains
Clear/straw coloured fluid
39
Aneurysmal bone cyst contains
Blood
40
Treatment of Simple bone cyst
1. Aspiration +/- Injection of steroids/sclerosants 2. Excision and curettage with autologous bone graft
41
Treatment of Aneurysmal bone cyst
Extended curettage using liquid nitrogen, phenol or bone cement
42
Radiological features of Aneurysmal bone cyst
1. Growth plate + 2. Multiloculated lesion in Metaphysis
43
Radiological features of Simple bone cyst
1. Growth plate + 2. Metaphyseal lesion (Unilocular) 3. Fallen leaf sign: Chip of cortex breaks and freely falls down 4. Trap door sign: Chip of bone hinges at cortex
44
M/C site of Osteochondroma/Exostosis
Distal femur
45
C/F of Osteochondroma
1. Usually asymptomatic; grows with skeleton 2. Pain: D/t bursitis (M/C), nerve compression, fracture 3. Bony pedicle + cartilaginous cap growing away from growth plate 4. Malignant transformation: Chondrosarcoma
46
Signs of Osteochondroma
1. >2 cm cap (On MRI) 2. Heavy calcification of cap (On X ray) 3. Persistence of growth after skeletal maturity
47
Treatment of Osteochondroma
Extra periosteal excision (At skeletal maturity/signs of malignant transformation)
48
Facts about Osteochondroma Just study
Developmental malformation of growth plate Can be sessile or pedunculated
49
Treatment of Enchondroma
Extended curettage + bone graft
50
M/C site of Enchondroma
Metaphysis
51
Maffucci’s syndrome
1. Multiple enchondromas 2. Cavernous hemangiomas 3. Lymphangiomas 4. 100% cases are premalignant
52
Ollier’s syndrome
1. Multiple Enchondromas 2. 30% cases are premalignant
53
M/C tumor of the hand
Squamous cell carcinoma
54
C/F of Chondroblastoma
AKA Codman’s tumor 1. Epiphyseal lesion 2. 10-25 years (Before skeletal maturity)
55
X ray of Chondroblastoma
Punctuate/stippled calcification
56
Treatment of Chondroblastoma
Excision curettage with autologous bone graft
57
M/C site of Osteoid osteoma
Femur
58
Treatment of Osteoid osteoma
1. NSAIDs (Pain relief) 2. Radiofrequency ablation 3. Excision curettage 4. MR guided focused ultrasound destruction
59
C/F of Giant cell tumor
Egg shell crackling
59
Sites of Giant cell tumor/Osteoclastoma
1. Distal end of femur (M/C) 2. Proximal end of tibia 3. Distal end of radius (Classical) 4. M/C tumor in distal end of radius
60
C/F of Osteoid osteoma
1. Central nidus -> Produces prostaglandins -> Pain 2. Night pain that responds to salicylates 3. Swelling (In thigh or leg)
61
Biopsy of Giant cell tumor/Osteoclastoma
1. Multinucleated osteoclast-like giant cells, surrounded by mononuclear cells (Tumor cells) 2. Tumor cells: Stromal mononuclear cells
62
Prognosis of Giant cell tumor
1. Local recurrence: 20% cases 2. Risk of malignant transformation: <5% into: > Secondary osteosarcoma > Fibrosarcoma > Malignant fibrous histiocytoma 3. Metastasis to lungs: 3%
63
Treatment of Giant cells tumor
Extended/extensive curettage + adjuvant treatment
64
Tumors rich in giant cells
1. Non-ossifying fibroma (M/C) 2. Aneurysmal bone cyst 3. Chondromyxoid fibroma 4. Chondroblastoma 5. Fibrous dysplasia 6. Simple bone cysts 7. Brown’s tumor 8. Osteosarcoma (Telangiectatic)
65
Site of Hemangioma
Spine > Skull > Pelvis
66
What is Hemangioma?
Benign, asymptomatic vascular bone tumor
67
CT scan of Hemangioma
Polka dot sign (Axial view)
68
Most radio-resistant BT
Osteosarcoma
69
M/C radiation induced bone tumor
Osteosarcoma
70
Bimodal presentation of Osteosarcoma
1. 2nd decade: Primary osteosarcoma 2. Older population: Secondary osteosarcoma (D/t Paget’s disease, radiation exposure)
71
X ray of Osteosarcoma
1. Sun ray/sunburst appearance 2. Codman’s triangle: Elevated periosteum
72
Treatment of Osteosarcoma
Neoadvujant chemotherapy (Prior to surgery) -> Surgery/limb ablation -> Adjuvant chemotherapy (Post surgery)
73
Chemotherapeutic agents
T10 protocol: 1. Actinomycin 2. Cyclophosphamide 3. Bleomycin 4. High dose methotrexate 5. Doxorubicin 6. Vincristine
74
General features of Ewing’s sarcoma Just study
1. M/C tumor in 1st decade of life 2. High grade sarcoma
75
Poor prognostic factors of Ewing’s sarcoma
1. Metastasis 2. Fever, anemia 3. Inc in ESR 4. Age >12 years 5. Chemoresistance
76
X ray of Hemangioma
1. Vertical striations: Jail bar/Jail house appearance 2. Corduroy appearance
77
C/F of Ewing’s sarcoma
1. Presents like infection 2. Signs of inflammation (Clinical + Lab) 3. Mid thigh/leg swelling 4. Incidental h/o trauma
78
Biopsy of Ewing’s sarcoma
1. Small, round blue cells with pseudo-rosettes 2. PAS +ve and Diastase digestible 3. MIC-2 (CD99) on immunochemistry: Specific marker 4. Karyotyping: t(11;22) -> M/C
79
X ray of Ewing’s sarcoma
Onion peel/lamellated appearance
80
Treatment of Ewing’s sarcoma
Chemotherapy + limb salvage/resection +/- adjuvant radiation

Orthopaedics (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions