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NRS 210 exam 1 > orthopedic nursing > Flashcards

orthopedic nursing Flashcards

(71 cards)

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1
Q

what is the most common manifestation of the muscoloskeletal system

A

include pain, weakness, deformity, limitation of movement, stiffness, and joint crepitation (crackling sound).

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2
Q

what is the muscle strength scale of 0/5

A

No detection of muscular contraction

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3
Q

what is the muscle strength scale of 1/5

A

A barely detectable flicker or trace of contraction with observation or palpation

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4
Q

what is the muscle strength scale of 2/5

A

Active movement of body part with elimination of gravity

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5
Q

what is the muscle strength scale of 3/5

A

Active movement against gravity only and not against resistance

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6
Q

what is the muscle strength scale of 4/5

A

Active movement against gravity and some resistance

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7
Q

what is the muscle strength scale of 5/5

A

Active movement against full resistance without evident fatigue (normal muscle strength)

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8
Q

what are soft tissue injuries

A

sprain
strain
dislocations
subluxation

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9
Q

what is a sprain

A

is an injury to the ligaments surrounding a joint, usually caused by a wrenching or twisting motion.

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10
Q

how are sprain catergorized

A

first degree
second degree
third degree

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11
Q

what is a first degree sprain

A

involves tears in only a few fibers, resulting in mild tenderness and minimal swelling.

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12
Q

what is second degree sprain

A

is partial disruption of the involved tissue with more swelling and tenderness.

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13
Q

what is a third degree sprain

A

is complete tearing of the ligament in association with moderate to severe swelling.

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14
Q

what is a strain

A

is an excessive stretching of a muscle, its fascial sheath, or a tendon.

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15
Q

what is a first degree strain

A

mild or slightly pulled muscle

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16
Q

what is a second degree strain

A

(moderate or moderately torn muscle

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17
Q

what is a third degree strain

A

severely torn or ruptured muscle

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18
Q

a severe sprain can lead to

A

avulsion fracture, in which the ligament pulls loose a fragment of bone.

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19
Q

what is a dislocation

A

is the complete displacement or separation of the articular surfaces of the joint. It results from severe injury of the ligaments surrounding the joint.

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20
Q

what is a subluxation

A

is a partial or incomplete displacement of the joint surface. The clinical manifestations of a subluxation are similar to those of a dislocation but are less severe.

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21
Q

what is bursitis

A

(inflammation of the bursa) results from repeated or excessive trauma or friction, gout, rheumatoid arthritis, or infection.

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22
Q

what is a fraction

A

is a disruption or break in the continuity of bone.

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23
Q

what are some fraction secondary to

A

to a disease process such as cancer or osteoporosis (pathologic fracture)

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24
Q

what is a open fracture

A

the skin is broken and bone exposed, causing soft tissue injury.

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25
what is a closed fracture
the skin remains intact.
26
what do a majority of fractures come from
traumatic injuries
27
what do we do if we suspect a fracture
immobilize
28
what are clinical manifestation of fractures
``` localized pain decreased function inability to bear weight or use guard against movement may or may not have deformity ```
29
what is a complete fracture
if the break goes completely through the bone.
30
what is an incomplete fracture
ccurs partly across a bone shaft but the bone is still intact. An incomplete fracture is often the result of bending or crushing forces applied to a bone.
31
what are the stages of fracture healing
``` fracture hematoma granulation tissue callus formation ossification consolidation remodeling ```
32
what are complications of fracture healing
``` delayed union nonunion malunion angulation pseudoarthrosis refracture myositis ossificans ```
33
what is delayed union
Fracture healing progresses more slowly than expected. Healing eventually occurs.
34
what is nonunion
Fracture fails to heal despite treatment. No x-ray evidence of callus formation.
35
what is malunion
Fracture heals in expected time but in unsatisfactory position, possibly resulting in deformity or dysfunction.
36
angulation
Fracture heals in abnormal position in relation to midline of structure (type of malunion).
37
pseduoarthrosis
Type of nonunion occurring at fracture site in which a false joint is formed with abnormal movement at site.
38
refracture
New fracture occurs at original fracture site.
39
what is myositis ossificans
Deposition of calcium in muscle tissue at site of significant blunt muscle trauma or repeated muscle injury.
40
what is the overall goal of fracture treatment
anatomic realignment immobilization restoration of normal or near normal function
41
what is a closed reduction
nonsurgical, manual realignment of bone fragments action and counetrtraction applied under local or general anesthesia immobilization afterwards
42
what is open reduction
``` surgical incision internal fixation risk for infection early ROM of joint to prevent adhesions facilities early ambulation ```
43
what is traction
is the application of a pulling force to an injured or diseased body part or extremity.
44
what is the purpose of traction
prevent or decrease pain and muscle spasm immobilize joint or part of body reduce fracture or dislocation treat a pathological joint condiiton
45
what are the two most common types of traction
skin traction- short term | skeletal traction- long term
46
what is skin traction
short term 48-72 hours tape, boots or splint applied directly to skin traction weights 5-10 lbs skin assessment for breakdown
47
what is a bucks traction boot
is a type of skin traction used preoperatively for the patient with a hip fracture to reduce muscle spasms
48
what is a skeletal traction
``` long term pull to maintain alignment pin or wire inserted into bone weighs 5-45 lbs risk for infection complications of immobility ```
49
what is a balanced suspension traction
maintain countertraction, typically the patients own body weight, elevate end of bed maintain continuous traction keep weights off the floor
50
what is an external fixator
is a device composed of metal pins that are inserted into the bone and attached to external rods to stabilize the fracture while it heals.
51
what is an electric bone growth stimulation
increase calcium uptake actiate intracellular calicum stores increase bone growth factor production non invasive, semi invasive and invasive methods
52
what are some central and peripheral muscle relaxant drugs
carisoprodol cyclobenzaprine methocabamol
53
what should we increase with fractures
``` protein vitam K,C,D calcium, phosphorus and mg fluid fiber ```
54
what is compartment syndrome
swelling and increased pressure within a confined space compromises neurovascular function of tissues within that space usually involves the leg
55
what are the clinical manifestations of compartment syndrome
``` pain pressure paresthesia (numbness/tingly) pallor(pale) paralysis pulselessness ```
56
what is an early sign of compartment syndrom
paresthesia
57
what do we not do with compartment syndrome
DO NOT ELEVATE | NO ICE
58
what is an fasciotomy
The fasciotomy site is left open for several days to ensure adequate soft tissue decompression.
59
what is a fat embolism
is characterized by systemic fat globules from fractures that are distributed into tissues, lungs, and other organs after a traumatic skeletal injury.
60
what are some anticoagulants
enoxaparin (lovenox) warfarin (coumadin) apixaban( eliquis) rivaroxaban (xarelto)
61
what should we always know
if someone is on an anticoagulant
62
when is a fat embolism most common
with fractures of long bones, ribs, tibia, and pelvis
63
what are the 2 types of theory for fat emoblism
mechanical and biological
64
what is a mechanical theory
fat released from marrow and enters circulation where it can obstruct
65
what is biological theory
hormonal changes caused by trauma simulate release of fatty acids to from fat emboli
66
when do symptoms usually occur for a FES
24-48 hours after injury
67
what is an important clinical manifestation of FES
petechiae which is red little dots | usually on neck, chest wall
68
what could happen in a short time with FES
skin color could change from pallor to cynosis
69
what is osteoarthritis
slowly progressive noninflammatory disorder of the diarthroidal joints 27 million americans effected
70
who is more likely to have osteoarthtis after age 50
women
71
what is a collies fracture
is a fracture of the distal radius and is one of the most common fractures in adults

NRS 210 exam 1 (8 decks)

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