Osmoregulation

Question 1

What is osmoregulation?

Answer 1

Maintaining homeostasis of water content
Control of tissue osmotic pressure
cannot pump water, so requires movement of solutes

Question 2

Ionic Regulation

Answer 2

Control osmotic composition of body fluids

Question 3

Nitrogen excretion

Answer 3

Pathway by which animals excrete ammonia

how to get rid of waste

Question 4

Two types of osmotic exchange processes and what are they?

Answer 4

Obligatory:

• based on physical processes animal cannot control
• cannot control diffusion and osmosis

Regulated:

• Controlled by the animal
• uses energy

Question 5

Challenges of osmoregulating in marine envs?

Answer 5

• High level of ions and mostly Na+ and Cl-
• must expel ions against electrochemical gradients: hypoosmotic
• obtaining water against osmotic gradients

Question 6

What are Conformers

Answer 6

Internal conditions are similar to external conditions, even when external conditions change

Question 7

What are Regulators

Answer 7

Defend a nearly constant internal state, distinct from external conditions

Maintain osmotic balance by control

Question 8

Ionoconformer

Answer 8

exerts little control over solute profile within its extracellular space

Solutes in body similar to envs

Question 9

Ionoregulators

Answer 9

Control levels of most ions in extracellular fluids

employs a combination of ion absorption and excretion

Question 10

osmoconformer

Answer 10

internal osmolarity is same as external envs

if external conditions change the internal osmolarity changes

Question 11

Osmoregulators

Answer 11

maintains internal osmolarity within narrow range regardless of external envs

depending ion conditions, animals could have an osmolarity higher or lower than surrounding water.

Question 12

Stenohaline

Answer 12

Tolerate narrow range of salt concentrations

Question 13

Euryhaline

Answer 13

Tolerate widely variant osmolarities

Question 14

Nitrogenous wast

Answer 14

Ammonia is produced riding amino acid breakdown. It is toxic solution that must be excreted, either as ammonia, uric acid, or urea.

Question 15

What happens if you don’t excrete ammonia?

Answer 15

Toxic in body and results in water loss

Question 16

What are the different form that nitrogenous waste is excreted and what animals use those types?

Answer 16

Fish ammonia
birds and reptiles: uric acid
Mammals: urea

Question 17

Ammonia costs?

Answer 17

Cheapest nitrogenous wast: does not need to be further metabolized after protein metabolism

Cost lots of water lost

Question 18

Uric Acid pros and cons?

Answer 18

Pro: can accumulate in body fluids with few toxic effects
- cares water bc excreted as anhydrous white crystals
Cons: synthesis requires metabolic energy

Question 19

Urea pros and cons?

Answer 19

Pros: pathway allows greater control of over the fate of metabolites
-made in the liver, released into blood, where fate depends on species
Cheaper than uric acid
less cheap than ammonia

Cons: synthesis requires metabolic energy

Question 20

Integument

Answer 20

protective layer that decreases water los and gain
Restricts osmosis to small areas
limits water loss to skin tissues

Question 21

Transcelluar transport

Answer 21

Movement of solutes( water) through epithelial cells

Question 22

Paracellurar transport

Answer 22

: movement of solutes (or water) between adjacent cells

Question 23

What are the three main nitrogenous waste excretion strategies?

Answer 23

Ammonium, uric acid, urea

Question 24

What is the difference between ionoconformer and osmoconformer

Answer 24

Ionocoformer: ionic composition same as envs

Osmoconformer: osmotic conditions as envs

Question 25

What are the 6 roles the kidney plays in maintenance of homeostasis?

Answer 25

1. Ion balance 2. Osmotic Balance 3. Blood pressure 4. Ph balance 5. Excretion 6. Hormone production

Question 26

What is the functional unit of the kidney called and what does it do, draw anatomy and name areas?

Answer 26

Nephron | place at which all filtration occurs, excretion takes place

Question 27

Nephrons are composed of what two elements?

Answer 27

Glomerulu: twisted ball of capillaries that deliver fluid to the tubule Renal tubule: composed of a single layer of cells with transport properties that allow them to reclaim specific solutes and expel others

Question 28

Kidneys have two major parts:

Answer 28

Renal Cortex, Renal medulla

Question 29

How does the Bowman's capsule filter blood?

Answer 29

It is a size filter only

Question 30

What are the four regulatory factors involved in uric formation?

Answer 30

Filteration Reabsorption secretion excretion

Question 31

Where does filtration occur?

Answer 31

Glomerulus

Question 32

What factors influence an animals ability to concentrate urine?

Answer 32

Medullary thickness: Thicker may be better The amount of long loops of Henle: mammals can produce urine with an osmolarity 5x greater than plasma

Question 33

What influences the strength of the loop of henle?

Answer 33

the length; longer loops more concentrating abilities

Question 34

What osmoregulatory challenges do fresh water fish have to deal with?

Answer 34

excessive water gain and loss of ions

Question 35

What osmoregulatory challenge to marine fish have to deal with?

Answer 35

Solutes are higher outside than internally have to deal with ion gain and reduce water loss.

Question 36

How do marine fish reduce ion gain and where does it happen?

Answer 36

Gills are primary site of osmotic regulation: chloride cells are essential for excreting ions

Question 37

What is a hypo osmotic environment/

Answer 37

Fresher water inside than outside the body.

Question 38

What are the advantages of marine mammals having evolved on land with regards to osmoregulation?

Answer 38

Evolved to conserve water.

Question 39

What is the shape of the marine mammals kidney called and what is its function?

Answer 39

Reniculated kidney increases surface area of medulla.

Question 40

What are the 3 ways mammals gain water

Answer 40

1. Ingestion of sea water 2. from food 3. from metabolism of fat

Question 41

How is water loss reduced in Marine mammals?

Answer 41

Apneu like breathing | Nasal turbinates

Question 42

What are some adaptations or strategies that marine mammals use to maintain osmolarity?

Answer 42

Highly concentrated urine produced by their reniculated kidney and Long loops of henle. Metabolism of fat drink sea water reduction in water loss through apnea like breathing nasal turbinates

Question 43

How do marine mammals get rid of nitrogenous waste?

Answer 43

Through kidney excitement of urea

Question 44

Salt gland fucntion

Answer 44

excrete slats and is the main way that birds do so.