Osmoregulation and Execretion

Question 1

What is osmoregulation?

Answer 1

It is the process that animals use to balance out solute and water.

Question 2

What is excretion?

Answer 2

It is how our body gets rid of nitrogenous wastes and other wastes as well

Question 3

What is isosmotic?

Answer 3

no net movement of water

Question 4

What is hyperosmotic?

Answer 4

more concentration of solutes

Question 5

What is hyposmotic?

Answer 5

less concentration of solutes

Question 6

What is urea?

Answer 6

nitrogenous wastes in a human that has a particular smell to it; it is produced in the liver and it is a product of carbon dioxide and ammonia

Question 7

What is gout?

Answer 7

a joint problem; when all the urea does not come out, the result is the urea turns into uric acid crystals and they desposit in the joint creating serious pain

Question 8

How does the blood turn into urine?

Answer 8

the blood goes thru the renal artery and into the glomerulus and then salt, water, urea, glucose, and amino acids go through the Bowman’s capsule and the rest of the blood surround the nephrons and then the glucose and amino acids are completely reabsorbed in the proximal tubule and the salt,water, urea go to the loop of Henle where the water gets reabsorbed in the descending part and the salt gets reabsorbed in the ascending part and the salt, water, and urea go to the distale tubule where they are reabsorbed again as they were selectively reabsorbed before and it goes into the collecting duct where the filtrate under hormone control secretes the filtrate and becomes urine and it goes through the ureter to the urinary bladder where it is stored until excreted and then comes out the urethra

Question 9

What are nephrons?

Answer 9

microscopic blood-cleaning units (over 1,000,000 in our body)

Question 10

What is the glomerulus?

Answer 10

tight ball of capillaries

Question 11

What is filtration?

Answer 11

the movement of materials out of the glomerulus capillaries and into the nephron

Question 12

What is filtrate?

Answer 12

the fluid that collects in the nephron

Question 13

What are the three blood components kept in the blood because they are too big to pass through the pores of the glomerulus?

Answer 13

red blood cells, white blood cells, proteins

Question 14

What five substances form the filtrate?

Answer 14

water, salt, urea, amino acids, glucose

Question 15

What determines which blood components remain in the blood and which components end up in the filtrate in the nephron?

Answer 15

the size of the glomerulus; the gas exchange happening as well

Question 16

Which of the substances in the filtrate does your body need?

Answer 16

amino acids and glucose

Question 17

Explain how some diseases which result in the production of excess blood cells can damage the Bowman’s capsule. How would this interfere with the filtration process?

Answer 17

it could be damaged or block the things being filtered

Question 18

What is Bowman’s capsule?

Answer 18

nephron that surrounds the glomerulus

Question 19

What is reabsorbtion?

Answer 19

it transports protein molecules in the walls of the nephron and return essential substances such as glucose, amino acids, water, and salt to the capillaries that surround the nephron

Question 20

What essential molecules are being kept to be completely reabsorbed?

Answer 20

glucose and amino acids

Question 21

What specific structure does most of the reabsorbtion occur within the nephron?

Answer 21

capillaries

Question 22

What two substances should be balanced by being selectively reabsorbed?

Answer 22

water and salt

Question 23

What is the role of Henle’s Loop?

Answer 23

water and salt are being reabsorbed in the capillaries

Question 24

Explain why the kidney would use active transport and not passive transport to transport substances from the nephron to the capillaries.

Answer 24

the active transport uses the transport proteins and ATP which is required to move the substances

Question 25

If you drink a lot of water, you may produce large amounts of urine that has a light yellow color. If you do not drink enough water, you may produce a small amount of urine that has a dark yellow color. Why?

Answer 25

if you drink more water, then less of it is absorbed and therefore less dense and if you do not drink enough water, then more of it gets absorbed and therefore it is more dense

Question 26

What is vasopressin (ADH)?

Answer 26

it is a antidiuretic hormone that is released when you need water and it is prouced in the brain in the hypothalamus

Question 27

What is the role of vasopressin in the distal convoluted tubule of the nephron in the process of water reabsorbtion?

Answer 27

since the distale tubule is under hormonal control, more water is reabsorbed

Question 28

What is dieresis?

Answer 28

it is a formal term for urinating

Question 29

Why is vasopressin sometimes called a aniduretic hormone?

Answer 29

it is a hormone that decreases the amount of water being reabsorbed

Question 30

The posterior pituitary gland is not fully developed in childhood. Why could this result in bedwetting?

Answer 30

not as much ADH is released so not enough water is absorbed from the urine

Question 31

After reabsorbtion occurs, what seven substances are present in the “clean” blood in the renal vein?

Answer 31

salt, water, proteins, white blood cells, red blood cells, glucose, amino acids

Question 32

What happens to the “clean” blood in the renal vein?

Answer 32

it continues to the rest of you body then back to your heart

Question 33

What substance is NOT reabsorbed from the filtrate and why is it important that this substance remains in the fluid in the nephron?

Answer 33

urea is not reabsorbed because it is toxic

Question 34

What three substances are present in normal urine?

Answer 34

salt, water, urea

Question 35

List in order the structures of the urinary system that the urine must pass through to exit from the body.

Answer 35

kidney-ureter-bladder-urethea

Question 36

How is oxygen used in the kidney?

Answer 36

It enters in through the renal artery in the blood. As it goes through capillaries, CO2 and O2 are exchanged as cellular respiration happens. (This is also how the renal artery turns into the renal vein; the artery has 95% of oxygen in the blood and 5% of CO2. However, in the vein after cellular respiration is performed, the blood contains 50% O2 and 50% CO2.) Cellular respiration creates ATP which is used to carry nutrients being reabsorbed from the nephron to the capillaries by active transport using transport proteins.

Question 37

How does water flow?

Answer 37

From a hyposmotic solution to a hyperosmotic solution.